Science and the City (OSIRIS: SECOND SERIES) - Softcover

Softcover

ISBN 10: 0226148394 ISBN 13: 9780226148397

Verlag: University of Chicago Press, 2003

Inhaltsangabe

Seeking to unite the history of science and urban history, this book emphasizes the active role cities play in shaping both scientific practice and scientific knowledge. Furthermore, the authors argue that cities themselves have to be viewed as mediated by science. Four interconnections of science and the city are discussed: the relationship between scientific expertise and urban politics; science's role in the cultural representation of the city; the embedment of scientific activity in the city's social and material infrastructure; and the interaction between science and everyday urban life.

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Seeking to unite the history of science and urban history, this book emphasizes the active role cities play in shaping both scientific practice and scientific knowledge. Furthermore, the authors argue that cities themselves have to be viewed as mediated by science. Four interconnections of science and the city are discussed: the relationship between scientific expertise and urban politics; science's role in the cultural representation of the city; the embedment of scientific activity in the city's social and material infrastructure; and the interaction between science and everyday urban life.

Aus dem Klappentext

Seeking to unite the history of science and urban history, this book emphasizes the active role cities play in shaping both scientific practice and scientific knowledge. Furthermore, the authors argue that cities themselves have to be viewed as mediated by science. Four interconnections of science and the city are discussed: the relationship between scientific expertise and urban politics; science's role in the cultural representation of the city; the embedment of scientific activity in the city's social and material infrastructure; and the interaction between science and everyday urban life.

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Osiris, Volume 18

SCIENCE AND THE CITY

The University of Chicago Press

Copyright © 2003 The University of Chicago Press
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-226-14839-7

Contents

SCIENCE AND THE CITYAcknowledgments................................................................................................................................................vSVEN DIERIG, JENS LACHMUND, AND J. ANDREW MENDELSOHN: Introduction: Toward an Urban History of Science.........................................................1SCIENCE AND THE RISE OF MODERN CITIESDORA B. WEINER AND MICHAEL J. SAUTER: The City of Paris and the Rise of Clinical Medicine......................................................................23DENISE PHILLIPS: Friends of Nature: Urban Sociability and Regional Natural History in Dresden, 1800-1850.......................................................43FA-TI FAN: Science in a Chinese Entrept: British Naturalists and Their Chinese Associates in Old Canton.......................................................60DAVID AUBIN: The Fading Star of the Paris Observatory in the Nineteenth Century: Astronomers' Urban Culture of Circulation and Observation.....................79THERESA LEVITT: Organizing Sight, Seeing Organization: The Diverging Optical Possibilities of City and Country.................................................101SVEN DIERIG: Engines for Experiment: Laboratory Revolution and Industrial Labor in the Nineteenth-Century City.................................................116ANTOINE PICON: Nineteenth-Century Urban Cartography and the Scientific Ideal: The Case of Paris................................................................135J. ANDREW MENDELSOHN: The Microscopist of Modern Life..........................................................................................................150SCIENCE AND THE CITY AFTER 1900KARIN BIJSTERVELD: 'The City of Din': Decibels, Noise, and Neighbors in the Netherlands, 1910-1980.............................................................173HANS POLS: Anomie in the Metropolis: The City in American Sociology and Psychiatry.............................................................................194CHRISTIAN TOPALOV: 'Traditional Working-Class Neighborhoods': An Inquiry into the Emergence of a Sociological Model in the 1950s and 1960s.....................212JENS LACHMUND: Exploring the City of Rubble: Botanical Fieldwork in Bombed Cities in Germany after World War II................................................234ROSEMARY WAKEMAN: Dreaming the New Atlantis: Science and the Planning of Technopolis, 1955-1985................................................................255NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS..........................................................................................................................................271INDEX..........................................................................................................................................................273

Chapter One

The City of Paris and the Rise of Clinical Medicine

By Dora B. Weiner and Michael J. Sauter

ABSTRACT

This article argues that the city of Paris played a unique role in shaping clinical medicine at the Paris hospital at the turn of the nineteenth century. Under outstanding clinicians such as Corvisart, Pinel, Bichat, Desault, Alibert, Bayle, and Laennec, who headed the "Paris School," teaching and research became hospital-based. New methods such as percussion, mediate auscultation, and psychological evaluation were introduced, and autopsies became routine. Chaptal, a physician and minister of internal affairs under the Consulate, played a key role by creating the Paris Hospital and Health Councils, the Central Pharmacy, and central triage for hospital admissions. These municipal councils supervised the practice and teaching of anatomo-clinical medicine and the concomitant social changes involved in the delivery of health care to a city of six hundred thousand inhabitants. These changes included the orderly provision of bodies for dissection, the subordination of nurses to physicians, the teaching of preclinical courses, and the adaptaion of the confiscated religious buildings to house patients grouped according to their diseases. The new arrangements fostered the rise of medical specialties, including public health, practiced by hygienists who turned Paris itself into a patient.

THE "PARIS SCHOOL"

At the turn of the nineteenth century, the city of Paris played a unique and prominent part in shaping clinical medicine. In the city's twenty modernized hospitals, crucial aspects of modern medicine were elaborated through the research and teaching of the "Paris School," the innovative group of clinicians headed by Corvisart, Pinel, Bichat, Desault, Alibert, Bayle, and Laennec. Long acclaimed for creating modern medicine at the Paris hospital, these men taught the new methods of physical examination, percussion and auscultation, and thus the anatomo-clinical method of diagnosis flourished.

Despite the large number and diverse pursuits of these doctors, Paris's intellectual agora was (and remains) quite intimate: starting from the St. Michel fountain, for example, and walking up the boulevard St. Michel for five minutes, one is two streets away from the Sorbonne and the Collge de France to the east or from the old medical faculty to the west. From there, it is but a quarter-hour's walk to the Academy of Sciences, unless one stops at the legendary "Procope" for a meal.

Owing to the Revolution, all sorts of traditional limitations vanished, and documents of the 1790s reveal the excitement of Revolutionary reformers about the opportunity to innovate. Paris's academies, botanical gardens, colleges, theaters, salons and cafs had long attracted both Frenchmen and foreigners. European thinkers, scientists and physicians, such as Alexander von Humboldt, Gall, and Hahnemann, sought the approval of the Paris scientific world as the ultimate arbiter of their work. In the discussion of these issues, as in the design and implementation of reforms, the intellectual climate in Paris and the interconnectedness of doctors, scientists, and reformers was key. The Parisian medical, scientific, and intellectual elites constantly stimulated each other. Scientific journals and publishers abounded. One result was the emergence of a new group of professionals, the hygienists, who developed that quintessentially modern notion of the city itself as a patient. The presence of so many talented and enterprising doctors and so many opportunities for innovation at a time of deep socioeconomic and political change accounts for the unique phenomenon of the "Paris School."

In London, in contrast to Paris, the medical world was fragmented into "pockets of research," as Georg Weisz has recently argued. Though larger than Paris, the English capital lacked a medical school, a center where students intermingle, and the numerous well-endowed voluntary hospitals-Guy's, Westminster, St. George's, St. Bartholomew's, St. Thomas's, Middlesex, London-taught students in a competitive arrangement. Oxford and Cambridge harbored the intellectual elite, and Edinburgh, though small and distant, lured away many British students.

In Vienna, the other Continental capital where clinical teaching flourished, a reticence to appreciate the unusual seems to have stifled progress, despite spectacular medical reforms...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: University of Chicago Press
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2003
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 0226148394
• ISBN 13: 9780226148397
• Einband: Taschenbuch
• Anzahl der Seiten: 325
• Herausgeber: Dierig Sven, Lachmund Jens, Meldelsohn J. Andrew
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar