Butterflies of Indiana: A Field Guide (Indiana Natural Science) - Softcover

Belth, Jeffrey E.

Softcover

ISBN 10: 0253009553 ISBN 13: 9780253009555

Verlag: Indiana University Press, 2012

Inhaltsangabe

Winner, 2013 National Outdoor Book Awards, Nature Guidebooks category

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Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

<p>Jeffrey E. Belth, a lifelong lover of butterflies and entomology, has been photographing butterflies in Indiana for 25 years.</p>

Jeffrey E. Belth, a lifelong lover of butterflies and entomology, has been photographing butterflies in Indiana for 25 years.

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Butterflies of Indiana

A Field Guide

By Jeffrey E. Belth

Indiana University Press

Copyright © 2013 Jeffrey E. Belth
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-0-253-00955-5

Contents

Quick Key, 
The Plates, 
Swallowtails, 
Whites and Sulphurs, 
Gossamer-wings and Metalmarks, 
Brushfoots, 
Spread-wing Skippers, 
Grass Skippers, 
Moths, 
Immature Stages, 
Larval Hosts and Nectar Sources, 
The Basics, 
Introduction, 
Why Butterflies?, 
What are Butterflies and Skippers?, 
Families of Butterflies and Skippers, 
Body Parts of Butterflies and Skippers, 
How to Identify Butterflies and Skippers, 
The First Question, 
The Second Question, 
Additional Questions, 
Using the Quick Key Boxes, 
Using the Plates: Butterflies and Skippers, 
The Species Descriptions, 
Using the Plates: Moths, Immature Stages, and Larval Hosts and Nectar Sources, 
Beyond the Basics, 
Indiana and Its Butterflies, 
Overview, 
The Geologic Foundation, 
Natural Regions, 
Natural Communities, 
Where, When, and How to Look for Butterflies, 
Where to Look, 
When to Look, 
How to Look, 
The Life of a Butterfly, 
The First Three Stages, 
The Final Stage: The Adult, 
Wing Patterns, 
Butterfly Behavior, 
Daily Activities, 
Seasonal Activities, 
Activities with Butterflies, 
Watching Butterflies, 
Collecting Butterflies, 
Photographing Butterflies, 
Keeping Records, 
Butterfly Conservation, 
How We Reduce Butterfly Populations, 
The Importance of Butterflies, 
Improving Habitat for Butterflies, 
What You Can Do in Your Yard, 
Conclusion, 
Acknowledgments, 
Appendixes, 
Appendix A: Checklist of Indiana Butterflies and Skippers, 
Appendix B: Organizations of Interest to Butterfly Watchers, 
Appendix C: The Lepidopterists' Society Statement on Collecting, 
Appendix D: Photograph Data, 
Glossary, 
Bibliography, 
Index, 
Quick Index, 

CHAPTER 1

The Plates

Swallowtails
Whites and Sulphurs
Gossamer-wings and Metalmarks
Brushfoots
Spread-wing Skippers
Grass Skippers
Moths
Immature Stages
Larval Hosts and Nectar Sources

Swallowtails

Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio glaucus glaucus)

Identification:

1 Male yellow with black stripes

2 Female similar, but more extensive blue on hindwing

3 Forewing with row of yellow spots

4 Underside pale yellow with dark stripes (sexes similar)

Habitat: Woodlands, fields, yards, gardens

Larval hosts: Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) [159], Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) [163], and many other trees

Notes: Common. Females occur in two color forms. Yellow form "turnus" is more common in northern Indiana than dark form"glaucus" [7,9].

Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio appalachiensis)

Identification:

1 Males striped similar to Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, but wings much larger

2 Females similar but with more blue (but less blue than female Eastern Tiger)

3 Hindwing longer and more angular than Eastern Tiger Swallowtail

4 Forewing underside yellow spots merge to form a continuous band

5 Hindwing spots rectangular, less crescent-shaped than Eastern Tiger Swallowtail

6 Hindwing scallops angular, less curved than Eastern Tiger Swallowtail

Habitat: Woodlands and woodland openings

Larval hosts: Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) [163], and possibly other trees

Notes: A recently described species from the southern Appalachians (Pavulaan and Wright 2002, 2004) that may occur in southern Indiana. Eastern Tigers have several flights per year, including one in spring, from April to early May. Appalachian Tigers have only one, emerging in mid to late May as the first flight of Eastern Tigers disappears. Although the heart of the Appalachian Tigers' range is in the Appalachians, recent sightings suggest its range may be similar to Dusky Azure [25], an Appalachian species which occurs in Indiana. I have seen swallowtails with some of the above traits in Perry County, but whether a population of Appalachian Tigers exists there or if they are variants of Eastern Tiger needs further study. Emergence times and pattern variations within a swallowtail population must be known before identifying Appalachian Tigers. As with Eastern Tiger, there is a dark form female [7,9].

Zebra Swallowtail (Eurytides marcellus)

Identification:

1White with black stripes

2 Hindwing with red spots (size of spots varies by season)

3 Tails long (length of tail and amount of white on tail varies by season)

Habitat: Woodlands, woodland edges

Larval hosts: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) [159]

Notes: Adults appear in three successive flights, marked by slight differences in size and pattern. The first, form "marcellus," with comparatively short tails and large red spots on the upperside hindwing, are some of the first butterflies to appear in spring, usually in early to mid-April. The second, form "telamonides," fly in May and have longer tails and less red. Form "lecontei," flying in June through August, have even longer tails and little, if any, red.

Black Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes asterius)

Identification, upperside: (underside, see page 9)

1 Black, with two rows of yellow spots

2 Female similar to male but with smaller yellow spots

3 Female similar to male but with more blue on hindwing

4 Underside orange band not broken by blue (see also page 9)

Habitat: Old fields, roadsides, gardens

Larval hosts: Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota) [153], Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), and other carrots (Apiaceae)

Notes: Females (and the underside of males) mimic the Pipevine Swallowtail (Poulton 1909; Codella and Lederhouse 1989). Often found in gardens, where the larvae eat parsley, fennel, dill, and other carrots. Many plants in the carrot family (Apiaceae) possess toxic compounds which inhibit growth and are lethal to most larvae and some mammals. Black Swallowtail larvae, however, possess enzymes which negate the effects of these compounds. In fact, larvae grow larger and faster on carrots with higher levels of the toxic compounds (Berenbaum 1981). It is not known if these toxins are stored in the larvae and adults as they are in Pipevine Swallowtails, but it is known that larvae are distasteful to birds (Berenbaum 1990). The striped pattern of the older larvae include black and orange, two colors often displayed by poisonous insects.

Giant Swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes)

Identification:

Our largest swallowtail

1 Upperside brown, with two rows of yellow spots

2 Underside yellow, without black stripes

Habitat: Woodlands, fields, stream sides, gardens

Larval hosts: Prickly Ash...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Indiana University Press
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2012
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 0253009553
• ISBN 13: 9780253009555
• Einband: Taschenbuch
• Anzahl der Seiten: 344
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar