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Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East - Hardcover

Rubin, Barry; Schwanitz, Wolfgang

 
9780300140903: Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East
Hardcover
ISBN 10: 0300140908 ISBN 13: 9780300140903
Verlag: Yale University Press, 2014

Inhaltsangabe

A groundbreaking account of the Nazi-Islamist alliance that changed the course of World War II and influences the Arab world to this day

During the 1930s and 1940s, a unique and lasting political alliance was forged among Third Reich leaders, Arab nationalists, and Muslim religious authorities. From this relationship sprang a series of dramatic events that, despite their profound impact on the course of World War II, remained  secret until now. In this groundbreaking book, esteemed Middle East scholars Barry Rubin and Wolfgang G. Schwanitz uncover for the first time the complete story of this dangerous alliance and explore its continuing impact on Arab politics in the twenty-first century.
 
Rubin and Schwanitz reveal, for example, the full scope of Palestinian leader Amin al-Husaini’s support of Hitler’s genocidal plans against European and Middle Eastern Jews. In addition, they expose the extent of Germany’s long-term promotion of Islamism and jihad. Drawing on unprecedented research in European, American, and Middle East archives, many recently opened and never before written about, the authors offer new insight on the intertwined development of Nazism and Islamism and its impact on the modern Middle East.

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Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Barry Rubin is director of the Global Research in International Affairs Center of the Interdisciplinary Center, Israel. He is the author of many books and publishes frequently on Middle East topics. He lives in Tel Aviv, Israel. Middle East historian Wolfgang G. Schwanitz is visiting professor at the Global Research in International Affairs Center of the Interdisciplinary Center, Israel, and an associate fellow at the Middle East Forum of Pennsylvania. He lives in New Jersey.

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Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East

By BARRY RUBIN, WOLFGANG G. SCHWANITZ

Yale UNIVERSITY PRESS

Copyright © 2014 Barry Rubin and Wolfgang G. Schwanitz
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-300-14090-3

Contents

Preface....................................................................ix
List of Archive Abbreviations..............................................xii
1. From Station Z to Jerusalem.............................................1
2. A Christian Imperial Strategy of Islamic Revolution.....................11
3. A Jihad Made in Germany.................................................32
4. An Islamism Sheltered in Berlin.........................................60
5. Al-Husaini's Revolt.....................................................87
6. The Nazi–Arab/Islamist Alliance Prepares for Battle.....................109
7. Al-Husaini in Search of an Empire.......................................122
8. Germany's Muslim Army...................................................144
9. A Bid for Partnership in the Axis.......................................175
10. The War After the War..................................................192
11. The Arab States' Useful Nazis..........................................209
12. How the Axis Legacy Shapes Today's Middle East.........................233
Notes......................................................................255
Index......................................................................325


CHAPTER 1

From Station Z to Jerusalem


It began as another normal summer day in June 1942 at the Sachsenhausenconcentration camp near Berlin, the place where SS traineeswere taken to see how the Master Race's captive enemies should betreated. Three barracks in a separate section housed Jewish prisoners,mainly Polish citizens or men deported from Berlin. On that particularday, a squad of shouting guards ordered the Jewish prisoners of Barrack38 to line up for four special visitors participating in an SS tour.

As a model SS facility Sachsenhausen was run with the utmost efficiencyand discretion. Whenever a prisoner was murdered or died,the nearby town's officials filled out a routine death certificate, as if hispassage from life had been an ordinary one. Only the wafting smell ofdeath from the cremation chimneys suggested otherwise. Yet this visitwas handled with even greater care. Fritz Grobba, the Nazi regime'schief Middle East expert and liaison with its Arab allies, emphasizedthe event's importance. Everything must be perfect. So seriously did theReich's leadership take this occasion that SS chief Heinrich Himm lerpersonally drove to Sachsenhausen beforehand and took the plannedtour himself.

The timing was carefully selected. In May, just one month earlier, theGermans had begun a new project in Sachsenhausen that they wantedto show off to their allies. It was codenamed Station Z. The choice ofthe letter "Z," the alphabet's last letter, was to symbolize that this placewould mark the end of the road for Jews, not only in Sachsenhausenbut throughout Europe.

For years, the Nazis had experimented with the best method for exterminatingJews and others. Starting with individual hangings, theymoved on to shooting people in groups, more efficient but still slow.The breakthrough in mass producing death came in 1941 with the developmentof camouflaged gas chambers. These had just been installedat Sachsenhausen along with four new crematoria to speed up disposalof corpses. In May, Himmler ordered the killing of 250 Jews in thecamp as a test run. The system worked flawlessly.

And so, in June 1941, four special Arab guests visited the prototypefor future death camps. Their interest had a very practical purpose.One day, they planned to create their own Station Z's in the MiddleEast near Tunis, Baghdad, and Jericho to eliminate all the Jews in theregion.

That goal had been set in a January 1941 letter that Amin al-Husaini,the Palestine Arab political and religious leader, sent German ChancellorAdolf Hitler. Al-Husaini asked Hitler to help Arabs solve the Jewishquestion in their lands the way it was being done in Germany. To succeedthey must learn the Nazis' techniques and obtain their technology.

This was why four officials from Germany's Arab allies were atSachsenhausen in June 1942, preparing for the day they would returnhome behind Hitler's army. One interpretation of the documents has beenthat they were all aides, one of al-Husaini and three working for Germany'sother main Arab ally, Rashid Ali al-Kailani, Iraq's former rulerwho had been overthrown by a British invasion the previous year andfled to Berlin. The delegation's Palestinian Arab member would havebeen either al-Husaini's security adviser, Safwat al-Husaini, or anothernephew, Musa al-Husaini, who handled propaganda and agitation.

Another interpretation, however, is more dramatic: the four visitorsmight have included Germany's two main Arab allies in person—al-Husainiand al-Kailani—each with one aide. The evidence points toat least al-Kailani's personal presence. Grobba had written, "Thereshouldn't be concerns about the participation of al-Kailani himselfin this inspection." Foreign Ministry Under Secretary Martin Lutherasked "Why al-Kailani and his entourage had visited that camp." Thevisitors most likely, then, included al-Kailani, an Iraqi and a PalestinianArab whom their bosses had assigned to the SS course, along witheither a second Iraqi assistant or, less probably, al-Husaini himself.

Whether or not he personally visited the death camp on that occasion,the grand mufti emerged as Nazi Germany's main Arab and Muslimally. He and his entourage had first fled British arrest for stirringa bloody revolt in Palestine, and had then—after a stay as al-Kailani'sguest in Baghdad—fled to Germany ahead of the British army. On November28, 1941, Hitler gave al-Husaini a long audience as a markof special favor, during which they agreed to cooperate in committinggenocide against the Jews.

The path leading to that moment started in 1871, when Prussia ledneighboring states into the creation of a united Germany. Arab intellectualslater saw this as a model for doing the same thing. Before WorldWar I, Germany's monarch, the kaiser portrayed himself as patron ofMuslims and Arabs. During the war, Germany fomented a jihad toencourage Muslims to fight on its side.

After the war, the thinking of Hitler and al-Husaini had developedalong parallel lines. Both the grand mufti and Hitler developed theidea that only exterminating the Jews would let them achieve theirgoals. The two men each sought allies with a similar worldview.When Hitler became Germany's chancellor in 1933, the grand muftivisited the German consulate in Jerusalem to offer cooperation. Thatsame year, Hitler's autobiography, Mein Kampf, was serialized in Arabnews papers and became a best-selling book.

Nazi Germany and its ideology became popular among Arabs formany reasons. They, too, saw themselves as a weak, defeated, and humiliatedpeople, much like the Germans after World War I. Germanywas also an enemy of Britain (which ruled Egypt, Sudan, Jordan, Palestine,and Iraq); France (which ruled North...

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Verlag
Yale University Press
Erscheinungsdatum
2014
Sprache
Englisch
ISBN 10 
0300140908
ISBN 13 
9780300140903
Einband
Gebundene Ausgabe
Anzahl der Seiten
288
Kontakt zum Hersteller
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