Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0471731676 ISBN 13: 9780471731672

Verlag: Wiley-AIChE, 2008

Inhaltsangabe

Advanced membranes--from fundamentals and membrane chemistry to manufacturing and applications
 
A hands-on reference for practicing professionals, Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications covers the fundamental principles and theories of separation and purification by membranes, the important membrane processes and systems, and major industrial applications. It goes far beyond the basics to address the formulation and industrial manufacture of membranes and applications.
 
This practical guide:
* Includes coverage of all the major types of membranes: ultrafiltration; microfiltration; nanofiltration; reverse osmosis (including the recent high-flux and low-pressure membranes and anti-fouling membranes); membranes for gas separations; and membranes for fuel cell uses
* Addresses six major topics: membranes and applications in water and wastewater; membranes for biotechnology and chemical/biomedical applications; gas separations; membrane contractors and reactors; environmental and energy applications; and membrane materials and characterization
* Includes discussions of important strategic issues and the future of membrane technology
 
With chapters contributed by leading experts in their specific areas and a practical focus, this is the definitive reference for professionals in industrial manufacturing and separations and research and development; practitioners in the manufacture and applications of membranes; scientists in water treatment, pharmaceutical, food, and fuel cell processing industries; process engineers; and others. It is also an excellent resource for researchers in industry and academia and graduate students taking courses in separations and membranes and related fields.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Norman N. Li, PhD, is the President of NL Chemical Technology, Inc., and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Dr. Li holds forty-five patents, has edited twenty books, and has received many honors, including the 2000 Perkin Medal presented by the Society of Chemical Industry American Section.
 
Anthony G. Fane, PhD, is Director of the Singapore Membrane Technology Centre at NanyangTechnological University, Singapore. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering.
 
W. S. Winston Ho, PhD, has been University Scholar Professor of Chemical Engineering at The Ohio State University. He holds more than fifty U.S. patents in separation processes and has won several awards, including the 2007 Clarence G. Gerhold Award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
 
Takeshi Matsuura, PhD, is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at University of Ottawa, Canada. He has published more than 300 papers in refereed journals, authored or coauthored three books, and edited four books.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

Advanced membranes―from fundamentals and membrane chemistry to manufacturing and applications

A hands-on reference for practicing professionals, Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications covers the fundamental principles and theories of separation and purification by membranes, the important membrane processes and systems, and major industrial applications. It goes far beyond the basics to address the formulation and industrial manufacture of membranes and applications.

This practical guide:

• Includes coverage of all the major types of membranes: ultrafiltration; microfiltration; nanofiltration; reverse osmosis (including the recent high-flux and low-pressure membranes and anti-fouling membranes); membranes for gas separations; and membranes for fuel cell uses

• Addresses six major topics: membranes and applications in water and wastewater; membranes for biotechnology and chemical/biomedical applications; gas separations; membrane contractors and reactors; environmental and energy applications; and membrane materials and characterization

• Includes discussions of important strategic issues and the future of membrane technology

With chapters contributed by leading experts in their specific areas and a practical focus, this is the definitive reference for professionals in industrial manufacturing and separations and research and development; practitioners in the manufacture and applications of membranes; scientists in water treatment, pharmaceutical, food, and fuel cell processing industries; process engineers; and others. It is also an excellent resource for researchers in industry and academia and graduate students taking courses in separations and membranes and related fields.

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Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications

John Wiley & Sons

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-471-73167-2

Chapter One

Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Reverse Osmosis

TADAHIRO UEMURA and MASAHIRO HENMI

Global Environment Research Laboratories, Toray Industries Inc., Otsu Shiga, Japan

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Because of vastly expanding populations, increasing water demand, and the deterioration of water resource quality and quantity, water is going to be the most precious resource in the world. Thus, the 21st century is called the "water century." In the 20th century, membrane technologies made great progress, and commercial markets have been spreading very rapidly and throughout the world. The key technologies fueling this progress are as follows:

1. Materials: Chemical design of high-performance materials suitable for each separation mode

2. Morphology: Morphological design of high-performance membranes

3. Element/Module: Element and module design for high-performance membranes

4. Membrane Process: Plant design and operation technology

In 21st century, to solve these water problems, membranes technology is going to be further expanded and new technology-further improvements of membrane performance, development of membrane systems, membranes stability such as antifouling membranes for wastewater treatment, and other highly qualified membranes-will be needed.

Among desalination technologies available today, reverse osmosis (RO) is regarded as the most economical desalination process. Therefore, RO membranes have played crucial roles in obtaining fresh water from nonconventional water resources such as seawater and wastewater.

1.2 APPLICATION OF RO MEMBRANES

Reverse osmosis membranes have been used widely for water treatment such as ultrapure water makeup, pure boiler water makeup in industrial fields, seawater and brackish water desalination in drinking water production, and wastewater treatment and reuse in industrial, agricultural, and indirect drinking water production as shown in Table 1.1.

The expansion of RO membrane applications promoted the redesign of suitable membrane material to take into consideration chemical structure, membranes configuration, chemical stability, and ease of fabrication. And along with the improvements of the membranes, the applications are further developed.

1.3 MAJOR PROGRESS IN RO MEMBRANES

1.3.1 Cellulose Acetate Membrane

Reverse osmosis systems were originally presented by Reid in 1953. The first membrane, which could be used at the industrial level in actual water production plants, was a cellulose-acetate-based RO membrane invented by Loeb and Sourirajan in 1960. This membrane has a so-called asymmetric or anisotropic membrane structure having a very thin solute-rejecting active layer on a coarse supporting layer, as shown in Figure 1.1. The membrane is made from only one polymeric material, such as cellulose acetate, and made by the nonsolvent-induced phase separation method. After the invention by Loeb and Sourirajan, spiral-wound membranes elements using the cellulose acetate asymmetric flat-sheet membranes were developed and manufactured by several U.S. and Japanese companies. RO technologies have been on the market since around 1964 (Kurihara et al., 1987). They were widely used from the 1960s through the 1980s mainly for pure water makeup for industrial processes and ultrapure water production in semiconductor industries; and some are still used in some of these applications.

1.3.2 Aromatic Polyamide Hollow Fiber Membrane

Since then, there has been intensive and continuous R&D efforts mainly around the United States and Japan to meet the demands from commercial markets, and there exist many inventions and breakthroughs in membrane materials and configurations to improve the performances of membranes.

To overcome the problems of cellulose acetate membranes, many synthetic polymeric materials for reverse osmosis were proposed, but except for one material, none of them proved successful. The only one material, which could remain on the market, was the linear aromatic polyamide with pendant sulfonic acid groups, as shown in Figure 1.2. This material was proposed by DuPont, which fabricated very fine hollow fiber membranes; the modules of this membrane were designated B-9 and B-10. They have a high rejection performance, which can be used for single-stage seawater desalination. They were widely used for mainly seawater or brackish water desalination and recovery of valuable materials such as electric deposition paints, until DuPont withdrew them from the market in 2001.

1.3.3 Composite Membrane

Another approach to obtain a high-performance RO membrane was investigated by some research institutes and companies in the 1970s. Many methods to prepare composite membranes have been proposed, as shown in Table 1.2. In the early stage, very thin films of a cellulose acetate (CA) polymer coating on a substrate, such as a porous cellulose nitrate substrate, was tried. However, in spite of their efforts, this approach did not succeed in industrial membranes manufacturing.

The next approach used the interfacial polycondensation reaction to form a very thin polymeric layer onto a substrate. Morgan first proposed this approach (Morgan, 1965), and then Scala et al. (1973) and Van Heuven (1976) actually applied this approach to obtain an RO membrane. But it was Cadotte who invented the high-performance membrane using the in situ interfacial condensation method (Cadotte, 1985). In his method, interfacial condensation reactions between polymeric polyamine and monomeric polyfunctional acid halides or isocyanates takes place on a substrate material to deposit a thin film barrier onto a substrate. Some of the composite membranes were succeeded in industrial fabrication by another method, which was designated as PA-300 or RC-100.

Another preparation method for composite membrane is an in situ monomer condensation method using the monomeric amine and monomeric acid halide, which was also invented by Cadotte. Then, many companies succeeded in developing composite membranes using this method, and the membrane performance has been drastically improved up to now. Now, composite membrane of cross-linked fully aromatic polyamide is regarded as the most popular and reliable material in the world. Permeate flow rate and its quality have been improved 10 times greater than that of the beginning (Kurihara et al., 1987, 1994b).

1.4 TRENDS IN RO MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY

Figure 1.3 shows recent trends in RO membrane technology with two obvious tendencies. One is a tendency toward low-pressure membranes for operating energy reduction in the field of brackish water desalination. The other is a tendency toward high rejection with high-pressure resistance in the large seawater desalination market.

1.4.1 Progress of Low-Pressure Membrane Performance in Brackish Water Desalination

Figure 1.4 shows the progress of low-pressure membrane performance trends in RO membrane on brackish water desalination from the 1970s to the 1990s, including industrial water treatment such as ultrapure water production. In the 1970s much effort was devoted to developing high-performance membrane materials and improving the membrane performance. As a result performance was improved with a new developed material of cross-linked aromatic polyamide and by developing membrane morphology and fabrication technology. The cross-linked fully aromatic...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Wiley-AIChE
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2008
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 0471731676
• ISBN 13: 9780471731672
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Auflage: 1
• Anzahl der Seiten: 1016
• Herausgeber: Li Norman N
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Wiley-VCH GmbH; product_safety@wiley.com; ; Boschstrasse 12; Weinheim; 69469; Deutschland