Garden Insects of North America: The Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs (Princeton Field Guides) - Hardcover

Cranshaw, Whitney

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0691095604 ISBN 13: 9780691095608

Verlag: Princeton University Press, 2004

Inhaltsangabe

Garden Insects of North America is the most comprehensive and user-friendly guide to the common insects and mites affecting yard and garden plants in North America. In a manner no previous book has come close to achieving, through full-color photos and concise, clear, scientifically accurate text, it describes the vast majority of species associated with shade trees and shrubs, turfgrass, flowers and ornamental plants, vegetables, and fruits--1,420 of them, including crickets, katydids, fruit flies, mealybugs, moths, maggots, borers, aphids, ants, bees, and many, many more. For particularly abundant bugs adept at damaging garden plants, management tips are also included. Covering all of the continental United States and Canada, this is the definitive one-volume resource for amateur gardeners, insect lovers, and professional entomologists alike.

To ease identification, the book is organized by plant area affected (e.g., foliage, flowers, stems) and within that, by taxa. Close to a third of the species are primarily leaf chewers, with about the same number of sap suckers. Multiple photos of various life stages and typical plant symptoms are included for key species. The text, on the facing page, provides basic information on host plants, characteristic damage caused to plants, distribution, life history, habits, and, where necessary, how to keep "pests" in check--in short, the essentials to better understanding, appreciating, and tolerating these creatures.

Whether managing, studying, or simply observing insects, identification is the first step--and this book is the key. With it in hand, the marvelous microcosm right outside the house finally comes fully into view.

• Describes more than 1,400 species--twice as many as in any other field guide


• Full-color photos for most species--more than five times the number in most comparable guides


• Up-to-date pest management tips


• Organized by plant area affected and by taxa for easy identification


• Covers the continental United States and Canada


• Provides species level treatment of all insects and mites important to gardens


• Illustrates all life stages of key garden insects and commonly associated plant injuries


• Concise, clear, scientifically accurate text


• Comprehensive and user-friendly

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Whitney Cranshaw is Professor and Extension Specialist at Colorado State University, responsible for developing pest management programs for insect pests of horticultural crops. He is the author of two popular books, Pests of the West and Bagging Big Bugs.

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"Garden Insects of North America is a tremendous contribution and is destined to be a staple on any gardener's bookshelf. Readers will find it overflowing with color pictures and informative yet easy-to- read descriptions. If this isn't the one book you must have, it comes pretty close!"--Casey Sclar, Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, Longwood Gardens

"Whitney Cranshaw's Garden Insects of North America is the most comprehensive book on insect and mite pests of vegetable, fruit, and ornamental plants now in print. Working from experience and the scientific literature, Dr. Cranshaw delivers information on a huge variety of pests in an entirely engaging manner."--James R. Baker, Professor Emeritus, North Carolina State University

"Whitney Cranshaw is probably the only entomologist who could pull off such a large undertaking! His clear, concise writing style, his completeness, and his attention to proper illustration will put this book ahead of any other in the field."--David Shetlar, Ohio State University

"A quick diagnostic tool for identifying pest insects by host plant, Garden Insects of North America will appeal to a wide audience, including home gardeners, master gardeners, entomologists in diagnostic clinics, and students."--Jody Fetzer, University of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum

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Garden Insects of North America

The Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs

By WHITNEY CRANSHAW

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

Copyright © 2004 Princeton University Press
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-0-691-09560-8

Contents

PREFACE, xi, 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, xiii, 
PHOTOGRAPHIC CREDITS, xv, 
CHAPTER ONE Introduction to Garden Insects and Their Relatives, 1, 
CHAPTER TWO Management Principles for Some Garden Pests, 26, 
CHAPTER THREE Leaf Chewers, 48, 
CHAPTER FOUR Leafminers, 204, 
CHAPTER FIVE Flower, Fruit, and Seed Feeders, 222, 
CHAPTER SIX Sap Suckers, 284, 
CHAPTER SEVEN Gall Makers, 408, 
CHAPTER EIGHT Stem and Twig Damagers, 434, 
CHAPTER NINE Trunk and Branch Borers, 460, 
CHAPTER TEN Root, Tuber, and Bulb Feeders, 500, 
CHAPTER ELEVEN Beneficial Garden Arthropods, 544, 
APPENDIX OF HOST PLANT GENERA AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS AND MITES, 577, 
GLOSSARY, 629, 
SELECTED REFERENCES, 637, 
INDEX, 639, 

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Garden Insects and Their Relatives

With few exceptions, the animals covered in this book are all members of the phylum Arthropoda—the arthropods. As such, all share certain physical features, including:

• division of the body into segments;

• an external skeleton (exoskeleton) and growth that requires periodic shedding of the exoskeleton (molting);

• jointed appendages;

• internal structures that include a heart running along the upper (dorsal) part of the body and a nerve cord running along the lower (ventral) part of the body; and

• bilateral symmetry in body organization, i.e., similar on both sides.

Within the phylum Arthropoda are several subdivisions known as classes. Although this book concerns itself primarily with the class Hexapoda, which includes the insects, five other arthropod classes can also be found in yards and gardens—crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, symphylans, and arachnids.

The primary exception to arthropods included in this book are the slugs and snails. These are mollusks, more closely related to clams and mussels than to insects. They are often included in the broad purview of "garden bugs," however, and thus are discussed here.

The classification of the animals in this book, to the order level, is summarized as follows.

Phylum MOLLUSCA - Mollusks
Class GASTROPODA - Slugs and Snails
Stylommatophora

Phylum ARTHOPODA - Arthropods
Class CRUSTACEA - Crustaceans
Isopoda - Pillbugs and Sowbugs

Class DIPLOPODA - Millipedes
Julida
Spirostreptida
Spirobolida

Class CHILOPODA - Centipedes
Lithobiomorpha - Stone Centipedes
Scolopendromorpha - Tropical Centipedes

Class SYMPHYLA - Symphylans
Scutigerellidae - Symphylans

Class ARACHNIDA - Arachnids
Opiliones - Daddylonglegs, or Harvestmen
Aranae - Spiders
Acari - Mites and Ticks

Class HEXAPODA - Hexapods (includes Insects)

METAMORPHOSIS

Because arthropods possess an external skeleton, they grow in distinct stages, each punctuated by a molting of the old exoskeleton and formation of a new, usually larger one. The stages between episodes of molting are known as instars.

During this growth process arthropods often undergo changes in form, a process known as metamorphosis. Sometimes these changes are minor, primarily involving an increase in size perhaps combined with changes in coloring or patterning. These changes can be more dramatic, however, particularly in insects as they approach the ultimate, adult form.

Broadly speaking, insects follow one of two general patterns of metamorphosis: simple metamorphosis or complete metamorphosis. Earwigs, grasshoppers, and aphids are examples of those that have a simple type of metamorphosis (see Figure 1). They have immature stages, known as nymphs or larvae, that generally resemble the adult and share many habits. In addition to a change in size, the nymphs may develop external features, such as wing pads, in transition to the adult. Adult insects differ from nymphs by being sexually mature and, if they are winged, have functional wings.

Much more specialization of function—and difference in form—occurs among the insects that undergo complete metamorphosis. The immature stages are collectively known as larvae, although larvae of many insects are so recognizable that they commonly go by another name such as grub, caterpillar, or maggot. Several larval instars often are similar in appearance, although they get progressively larger in size. At the end of the last larval stage they often move to some protected site and become inactive in preparation for transition to a unique stage known as the pupa. Tremendous changes take place during the pupal stage as larval features dissolve and are transformed into those of the adult. Among insects with complete metamorphosis, the appearance and habits of the adult may be very different from those of larvae. The overwhelming number of insects species are those that undergo complete metamorphosis and include beetles, moths and butterflies, flies, bees, ants, and wasps (see Figure 2).

Regardless of the type of metamorphosis, further development of external structures ceases once insects reach the adult form. Therefore a little fly is not a "baby" big fly or a tiny ant a "baby" ant. They are merely adults of a small species or were stressed through poor diet or some other factor during larval development.

HEXAPOD ORDERS

The hexapods share several features that separate them from the other arthropod classes. These include:

• division of the body into three main regions (head, thorax, abdomen);

• three pairs of legs, located on the thorax; and

• one pair of antennae.

Many also develop wings in the adult stage and thus are the only winged arthropods.

Two subdivisions (subclasses) of the hexapods are generally recognized. The overwhelming majority are Insecta, the insects. A small number of hexapod species are in the subclass Entognatha, which includes most prominently the springtails. Entognatha share many features more characteristic of crustaceans and thus are now commonly considered separate from the insects.

Currently, approximately 30 different orders of insects are recognized. Several are infrequently encountered in the yard and garden because of their small size, scarcity, or habits that restrict them to different environments, as in the aquatic insects. The orders and type of metamorphosis of the insects most likely to be seen in yards and gardens include the following.

IDENTIFICATION OF IMMATURE STAGES OF ARTHROPODS

Because of the changes that occur during development, arthropods change in appearance at different life stages. These changes are particularly dramatic in insects that undergo complete metamorphosis (e.g., beetles, moths and butterflies, flies). Often it is the immature stage (e.g., caterpillars, grubs) that causes most plant injury, as many larvae are specialized feeding machines. Adults may have very different form and functions (e.g., reproduction, dispersal). Thus, it can be difficult when observing insect activity to associate the adult and immature stages of the same insect.

The arthropod orders whose immature stages are most likely to be...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Princeton University Press
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2004
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 0691095604
• ISBN 13: 9780691095608
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 672
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar