Native Americans State by State - Hardcover

Sapp, Rick

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0785835873 ISBN 13: 9780785835875

Verlag: CHARTWELL BOOKS, 2018

Inhaltsangabe

Native Americans State by State details the history of the tribes associated with every state of the Union and the provinces of Canada, from past to present. Each state entry contains its own maps and timeline.
 
The 2010 census identified 5.2 million people in the United States as American Indian or Alaskan Natives—less than 2% of the overall population of nearly 309 million. In Canada, the percentage is 4%—1.1 million of a total population of around 34 million. Most of these people live on reservations or in areas set aside for them in the nineteenth century.

The numbers are very different from those in the sixteenth century, when European colonists brought disease and a rapacious desire for land and wealth with them from the Old World. While estimates vary considerably, it seems safe to estimate the native population as being at least 10 million. Ravaged by smallpox, chicken pox, measles, and what effectively amounted to genocide, this number had fallen to 600,000 in 1800 and 250,000 in the 1890s. Those who were left often had been moved many miles away from their original tribal lands.

Native Americans State by State is a superb reference work that covers the history of the tribes, from earliest times till today, examining the early pre-Columbian civilizations, the movements of the tribes after the arrival of European colonists and their expansion westwards, and the reanimation of Indian culture and political power in recent years. It covers the area from the Canadian Arctic to the Rio Grande—and the wide range of cultural differences and diverse lifestyles that exist. Illustrated with regional maps and a dazzling portfolio of paintings, photographs, and artwork, it provides a dramatic introduction not only to the history of the 400 main tribes, but to the huge range of American Indian material culture.
 

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Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Rick Sapp’s varied career includes a PhD in cultural anthropology, time in 511th MI Company, US Army, and work for the US Fish & Wildlife Service, before a career in journalism. The former editor of Archery World magazine is an expert on woodcraft and archery. He has written dozens of books on bowmanship, articles for numerous popular outdoor and general interest magazines, A Cyclist’s Guide to Florida’s Best Road Rides, and various history books including In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark. He lives in Savannah, Georgia.

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North American Indian Tribes State-by-State

By Rick Sapp

The Quarto Group

Copyright © 2018 BlueRed Press Ltd.
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-0-7858-3587-5

Contents

Introduction, 6, 
UNITED STATES, 20, 
Alabama, 22, 
Alaska, 28, 
Arizona, 36, 
Arkansas, 42, 
California, 48, 
Colorado, 54, 
Connecticut, 60, 
Delaware, 66, 
District of Columbia, 70, 
Florida, 74, 
Georgia, 80, 
Hawaii, 84, 
Idaho, 88, 
Illinois, 94, 
Indiana, 100, 
Iowa, 106, 
Kansas, 112, 
Kentucky, 118, 
Louisiana, 124, 
Maine, 130, 
Maryland, 135, 
Massachusetts, 140, 
Michigan, 146, 
Minnesota, 152, 
Mississippi, 158, 
Missouri, 164, 
Montana, 170, 
Nebraska, 178, 
Nevada, 184, 
New Hampshire, 190, 
New Jersey, 194, 
New Mexico, 198, 
New York, 204, 
North Carolina, 212, 
North Dakota, 216, 
Ohio, 222, 
Oklahoma, 228, 
Oregon, 234, 
Pennsylvania, 240, 
Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands, 246, 
Rhode Island, 250, 
South Carolina, 254, 
South Dakota, 260, 
Tennessee, 266, 
Texas, 272, 
Utah, 278, 
Vermont, 284, 
Virginia, 288, 
Washington, 294, 
West Virginia, 301, 
Wisconsin, 304, 
Wyoming, 310, 
CANADA, 314, 
Alberta, 316, 
British Columbia, 324, 
Manitoba, 330, 
New Brunswick, 336, 
Newfoundland–Labrador, 342, 
Northwest Territories, 348, 
Nova Scotia, 354, 
Nunavut, 360, 
Ontario, 366, 
Prince Edward Island, 374, 
Quebec, 378, 
Saskatchewan, 384, 
Yukon, 390, 
Bibliography, 396, 

CHAPTER 1

Alabama

Albama

Meaning of "Alabama"

From Choctaw albah amo, "thicket-clearers" or "plant-cutters."

Geography

Mountainous in the north falling to rolling grasslands and forests, and a low-lying coastal plain.

Culture and Lifestyle

Agricultural peoples who also hunted, gathered wild foods, and fished.

Languages

Iroquoian, Muskogean.

Types of Housing

Wickiups in mild weather on the coast; substantial windowless houses in towns.

Contemporary peoples native to Alabama

Alabama, Cousahatta, Creek, Eastern Cherokee, Mobile.

Tribal entities in Alabama

Poarch Band of Creeks State Recognized: Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians, Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama, Cherokees of Southeast Alabama, Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama, Ma-Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe of Alabama, Mowa Band of Choctaw Indians, Piqua Shawnee Tribe, Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks, United Cherokee Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation.

Bands of Paleo-Indians were exploiting Alabama's resources 12,000 years ago. They were a mobile people who foraged as the seasons presented food sources. It took thousands of years for Ice Age mega-fauna to disappear and for ever-hungry communities to begin cultivating wild plants, eventually settling into a way of life that relied on beans and squash, then later tobacco and corn.

Long before the arrival of Europeans, indigenous cultures flourished ... and declined in Alabama. At least 3,000 years ago, people were building enormous temple mounds, trading goods over thousands of miles, and thriving in complex societies with an agricultural surplus. One of the largest ceremonial complexes was found at Moundville, Alabama, occupied from 1100–1450 CE. When the Spanish made their first forays inland, the Mississippian culture was already crumbling. Among the tribes living in Alabama at European contact were Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee; and Muskogean-speaking Alabama, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Koasati.

The Cousahatta (Kosati) grew corn, beans, and squash, and supplemented their diet by hunting and fishing. They inhabited a series of villages along the Tennessee River and met most early explorers. The Cousahatta were closely related to the Alabama tribes and intermarried with them.

Under pressure from European settlers in the 17th–18th centuries, they made treaties, ceded lands, and migrated west to Alabama. Eventually many joined the Creek Confederacy and became part of the "Upper Creek." Continually pressed by settlers, many families migrated to Florida to join the Seminoles, others continued into Texas. Those remaining in Alabama were forcibly removed to Indian Territory after the 1830s Indian Removal Act.

Neighbors to the Cousahatta, the Alabama were the first to leave when British settlers swarmed into the area in the middle of the 18th century, after the British victory in the French and Indian Wars. Under pressure as well by Native enemies, the Alabama and Cousahatta tribes wanted to avoid the powerful Choctaw and drifted, first to Louisiana and then to Texas.

Alabama and Cousahatta were divided into Red and White towns. White towns kept the peace and provided refuge; Red towns were for warriors who conducted raids and fought wars.

After migrating into Texas, the Cousahatta and Alabama developed a strong friendship. In the early 19th century, the Texas Congress granted each tribe lands along the Trinity River, but they were soon forced out.

The Muskogee Creek are descendants of the Mississippian Mound Builder culture. Oral traditions suggest they originally migrated from west of the Mississippi River. They eventually settled on the east bank of the Ocmulgee where they successfully fought for living space and hunting territories with those tribes already present.

Muskogee

When Europeans began arriving, the Muskogee were living in scattered chiefdoms interspersed with completely autonomous villages and tribal groups.

European diseases and expeditions such as Hernando de Soto's armed entrada searching for easy wealth caused immense fatalities among southern tribes. These losses were exacerbated by Spanish, French, and British slave raids during the 17th and 18th centuries. As survivors regrouped in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee, they formed a loose alliance, the Creek Confederacy of Muskogean-speaking peoples: Yuchi, Kosati, Alabama, Coosa, Tuskeegee, Coweta, Cusseta, Chehaw, Hitchiti, Tuckabatchee, Oakfuskee, and more.

The basic social unit was the town (idalwa) and Abihka, Coosa, Tuckabutche, and Coweta were the Confederacy's four "mother towns." Towns were led by a mico or village chief. Micos led warriors in battle and represented their villages, but held authority only insofar as they could persuade others.

Micos ruled with the assistance of lesser chiefs, advisers, respected village elders, medicine men, and a ranking warrior, the principal military adviser. The yahola or medicine man officiated at various rituals, including providing black drink, used in purification ceremonies.

The most important social unit was the clan that organized hunts, distributed lands, arranged marriages, and punished lawbreakers. The authority of a mico was complemented by clan mothers, who were mostly female elders.

The Muskogee had a matrilineal kinship system, with children considered born into and inheriting property from their mother's clan. The Wind Clan was the first of the clans and the majority of micos belonged to this clan.

After the Yamasee War, the Carolina militia and their Cherokee allies drove the Creeks west; the Yamasee dispersed. By 1718, fearing to become hopelessly entangled in the struggles of French, Spanish, and British, the Muskogee declared neutrality, preferring...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: CHARTWELL BOOKS
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2018
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 0785835873
• ISBN 13: 9780785835875
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 448
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar