The primacy and infallibility of the Pope have long stood as roadblocks to fellowship between the Roman Catholic Church and other church bodies. Now, however, as many churches strive for greater ecumenical rapprochement and ecclesial unity, scholars from a variety of Christian traditions have been exploring together the possibility that church unity may indeed be well served by the ministry of St. Peter.
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James F. Puglisi is Francis Joseph Cardinal SpellmanProfessor of Catholic Theology at Graduate TheologicalFoundation in Mishawaka, Indiana, and director of theCentro Pro Unione in Rome.
Preface James F. Puglisi, SA..............................................................................................................................ixIntroduction Peder Nrgaard-Hjen.........................................................................................................................1Petrine Ministry in the New Testament and in the Early Patristic Traditions John P. Meier.................................................................13The Petrine Ministry in the Early Patristic Tradition Archbishop Roland Minnerath.........................................................................34The Petrine Ministry in the New Testament and in Early Patristic Tradition John Reumann...................................................................49Protestant Reaction to the Post-Reformation Development of Papal Authority Gnther Gassmann...............................................................81Historical Development of Forms of Authority and Jurisdiction: The Papal Ministry — an Ecumenical Approach Hermann J. Pottmeyer.....................98Did Vatican I Intend to Deny Tradition? Hermann J. Pottmeyer..............................................................................................108Vatican I and the Development of Doctrine: A Lutheran Perspective Michael Root............................................................................124What Ecclesiology for the Petrine Ministry? Joseph A. Komonchak...........................................................................................145Papal Ministry in a Communication Ecclesiology: A Search for Some Possible Themes Sven-Erik Brodd.........................................................155The Future Exercise of Papal Ministry in the Light of Ecclesiology: An Orthodox Approach Metropolitan John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon........................169Infallibilitas Papae — Indefectibilitas Ecclesiae: A Systematic and Ecumenical Approach Johannes Brosseder..........................................180Is Papal Infallibility Compatible with Ecclesial Indefectibility? Peder Nrgaard-Hjen....................................................................194Introductory Considerations in the Ecumenical Dialogue on the Petrine Ministry from a Catholic Viewpoint Walter Cardinal Kasper...........................213Papal Primacy — a Possible Subject of Lutheran Theology? Harding Meyer..............................................................................225Universal Episkope and the Papal Ministry: A Critical Overview of Responses to Ut unum sint Peter Lning..................................................237Does the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification Have Any Relevance to the Discussion of the Papal Ministry? Andr Birmel.....................251A Ministry of Unity in the Context of Conciliarity and Synodality Eero Huovinen...........................................................................269A Primatial Ministry of Unity in a Conciliar and Synodical Context Geoffrey Wainwright....................................................................284Towards a Common Understanding of Papal Ministry: A Catholic Critical Point of View Herv Legrand, OP.....................................................310Towards a Common Lutheran/Roman Catholic Understanding of Papal Ministry Harding Meyer....................................................................335How Can the Petrine Ministry Serve the Unity of the Universal Church? Jared Wicks, SJ.....................................................................354
John P. Meier
Introduction
The theme of our symposium is posed as a question: How can the Petrine ministry serve the unity of the universal church? The focus of this first session is the Petrine ministry in the New Testament and the early patristic traditions. And the concrete context of our meeting here at Farfa is the mission of this International Centre to foster the unity of the church, especially within an emerging united Europe.
Granted therefore this question, this focus, and this context, I would like to preface my own presentation with a general observation. In the last hundred years or so, Christianity in Western Europe and North America has faced a relatively new phenomenon: the mass education of the Christian — or post-Christian — laity. While knowledge of history on the part of the general population is not what one would wish — especially in the United States — still, the general populace is imbued, at least in a vague way, with a historical-critical sensibility. Hence a church's theological claims about its past history will not receive today the same sort of uncritical acceptance by the laity that such claims might have received from medieval or early modern peasants. This modern critical sensibility as a product of mass education will no doubt spread increasingly to Eastern Europe as the European Union expands and matures.
Now all this is to the good. Only an ecclesiastical leader who felt insecure about the historical veracity of his own tradition would be threatened by this increase of a historical sensibility on the part of the general population. At the same time, we would be nave to ignore the challenge that this heightened historical sense creates. In the early modern period, the churches of Western Europe had to struggle to find an effective way to proclaim the Christian faith to educated elites in the Age of Reason, then in the Enlightenment, and then in an age marked by ever-accelerating scientific, social, and economic developments. For the last hundred years or more, this challenge has become ever more severe as the churches have had to address no longer just an educated elite but an educated general population knowledgeable of history.
I mention this widespread and obvious challenge in order to frame a more specific challenge posed by this state of affairs to the Roman Catholic Church. The challenge is this: Granted the phenomenon of mass education and the general knowledge of history that such education instills, how is the Roman Catholic Church today to articulate a historically responsible account of the origins of the papacy to a laity that is better educated than any laity in the first 1800 years of the church's history? A papacy that cannot give a credible historical account of its own origins can hardly hope to be a catalyst for unity among divided Christians.
Fortunately, progress has already been made in this area. For decades now, ecumenical studies like Peter in the New Testament (1973), produced by biblical scholars in the United States, and serious monographs by Catholic scholars such as Rudolf Pesch's Simon-Petrus (1980) and Joachim Gnilka's Petrus and Rom (2002), have prepared the way on the academic front. One cannot and should not expect that all of this scholarship would immediately be taken up by Catholic authorities into official documents of the magisterium. In my opinion, though, it is not without significance that neither the Catechism of the Catholic Church nor Pope John Paul II's groundbreaking encyclical Ut unum sint employed certain problematic assertions like "St. Peter was the first Pope." Granted, academics may smile at such an assertion, yet it is still often...
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