Days of National Festivity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1823-1889 - Hardcover

Kraay, Hendrik

 
9780804785266: Days of National Festivity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1823-1889
Hardcover
ISBN 10: 0804785260 ISBN 13: 9780804785266
Verlag: Stanford University Press, 2013

Inhaltsangabe

Official and popular celebrations marked the Brazilian empire's days of national festivity, and these civic rituals were the occasion for often intense debate about the imperial regime. Hendrik Kraay explores the patterns of commemoration in the capital of Rio de Janeiro, the meanings of the principal institutions of the constitutional monarchy established in 1822–24 (which were celebrated on days of national festivity), and the challenges to the imperial regime that took place during the festivities. While officialdom and the narrow elite sought to control civic rituals, the urban lower classes took an active part in them, although their popular festivities were not always welcomed by the elite. Days of National Festivity is the first book to provide a systematic analysis of civic ritual in a Latin American country over a long period of time—and in doing so, it offers new perspectives on the Brazilian empire, elite and popular politics, and urban culture.

Die Inhaltsangabe kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.

Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Hendrik Kraay is Professor of History at the University of Calgary. He is the author of Race, State, and Armed Forces in Independence-Era Brazil: Bahia, 1790s–1840s (Stanford University Press, 2001).


Hendrik Kraay is Professor of History at the University of Calgary. He is the author of Race, State, and Armed Forces in Independence-Era Brazil: Bahia, 1790s–1840s (Stanford University Press, 2001).

Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Days of National Festivity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 18231889

By Hendrik Kraay

Stanford University Press

Copyright © 2013 Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-8047-8526-6

Contents

Map, Table, and Figures....................................................vii
Currency, Orthography, Names, Pseudonyms, and Note Conventions.............ix
Acknowledgments............................................................xi
Introduction...............................................................1
1. Constructing the Monarchy, 1823–1829....................................29
2. The Radical Challenge, 1830–1837........................................53
3. Monarchical Reaction, 1837–1841.........................................86
4. Official Festivities and Politics, 1841– 1864...........................112
5. The Equestrian Statue of Pedro I, 1862..................................146
6. Patriots on the Streets and at Home, 1840s–1860s........................178
7. The Empire on Stage, 1820s–1864.........................................205
8. War, Patriotism, and Politics, 1865– 1870...............................240
9. Questioning Official Ritual, 1870s–1880s................................270
i0. Popular Patriots and Abolitionists, 1870– 1889.........................313
Epilogue: Republican Innovations in the 1890s..............................36i
Conclusion.................................................................379
Abbreviations Used in the Notes............................................393
Notes......................................................................395
Bibliography...............................................................491
Index......................................................................539

Excerpt

CHAPTER 1

Constructing the Monarchy, 1823–1829


* * *

The last years of Joao VI's reign in Rio de Janeiro left imperial Brazil avibrant tradition of commemorating the birthdays, weddings, and accessionsof monarchs and other members of the royal family with illuminations,ephemeral architecture, Te Deums, military parades, fireworks,theater galas, and artillery salutes. Late-colonial ritual forms suited themonarchy that Pedro I sought to establish, and little distinguished imperialcivic ritual from its colonial predecessor until early 1830. However,the new regime was a constitutional monarchy—Pedro stressed that hispower derived from both the people and from divine grace—and thislent a different tone to the celebrations of the new empire, especiallygiven the nagging doubts about Pedro's commitment to the charter thathe granted in 1824.

From 1823 through 1829, civic ritual presented Pedro I as a legitimatemonarch, founder of the nation-state, and grantor of the constitution.Few discordant voices can be heard in the documentation from theseyears, largely because de facto press censorship and the more general repressionof Pedro's critics after 1823 limited the scope of political debateuntil the late 1820s. Foreign observers, both diplomats and travelers, didnot face these restrictions, and in this chapter, their observations and assessmentsprovide an essential counterpoint to official rhetoric. Independencewas intimately connected to the issue of the form of government—indeed,one historian has recently pointed out that, in the parlance of theday, independência meant not just autonomy from Portugal but also anantiabsolutist political position.

Until the mid-1820s, it was not entirely clear on which days the new empire'sfoundation should be celebrated. Several dates (celebrated with someregularity in the capital) and the elaborate rituals associated with Pedro'sreturn from his journey to Salvador in 1826 underscored a monarchicalinterpretation of independence. Shortly after these festivities, during parliament'sfirst session, legislators designated five "days of national festivity"and thereby established a calendar of civic commemorations thatlasted until 1831. The legislators' civic calendar partially challenged themonarchical interpretation of independence by designating the date of parliament'sopening as a day of national festivity. In the late 1820s, 7 Septemberand 12 October (the former constructed as the date of his definitivedeclaration of independence and the latter the date of his acclamation,both in 1822) emerged as the empire's principal civic celebrations. Pedro'smarriage to Amelia de Leuchtenberg in October 1829 was his last chanceto bask in the full glory of imperial civic ritual. In early 1830 radical liberalsattempted to seize control of Rio de Janeiro's civic ritual, thereby usheringin several years of intense conflict over the meaning of independenceand the empire's political organization (Chapter Two).

While this chapter focuses on the principal recurring civic rituals andseveral moments of nonrecurring monarchical celebrations, it should benoted that the calendar was full of additional gala days and that birthsand deaths in the imperial family were celebrated and mourned throughoutBrazil. Moreover, the monarch was a constantly visible presence inthe capital, sometimes magnificent and distant, other times earthy andaccessible. Pedro I's modest court was fully integrated into the city. Hedirected Brazilian diplomats to study restoration France's court protocoland etiquette, but there is no indication that he attempted to reform theBrazilian court along the lines of Charles X's court, described by onehistorian as a "golden age" of French court life. Pedro and his peoplecame into frequent contact. Foreigners often remarked on his "affable"manners and the unusually "familiar contact with royalty" granted tohis subjects in the regular audiences held at the palace, "when the humblestindividual in society may in person claim redress," and during Pedro'soutings into the city. The beija-mão or hand-kissing ritual of fealty,moreover, required that subjects come into direct physical contact withthe emperor. Robert Walsh saw a "droll forward fellow of the lowerranks" tell the emperor a joke after mass at Gloria church, much to theamusement of Pedro and his attendants. This accessibility continued thepractices established by Joao VI in the 1810s.

To prepare for his visit in 1828–29, Walsh had read James Henderson's1821 History of Brazil, and he was surprised to see none of the"oriental homage" that Henderson had described when the royal carriagepassed through the streets in the 1810s. Brazilians merely doffedtheir hats when royalty passed, and no one bothered him when he neglectedthis small courtesy. Jacobus von Boelen, who visited Rio de Janeirotwo years before Walsh, by contrast, saw outriders with whips toremind people to take off their hats; he added that people had to remainstanding while the monarch passed by. Disrespect of the monarchywas, however, another matter, and in 1829 a carpenter was arrestedfor whistling in the emperor's presence. With either shock or prurientcuriosity, foreigners also recounted what they...

„Über diesen Titel“ kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.

Verlag
Stanford University Press
Erscheinungsdatum
2013
Sprache
Englisch
ISBN 10 
0804785260
ISBN 13 
9780804785266
Einband
Gebundene Ausgabe
Anzahl der Seiten
576
Kontakt zum Hersteller
Nicht verfügbar
Verantwortliche Person
preigu
mail@preigu.de

Lengericher Landstr. 19
Osnabrück
49078
Deutschland