Catalysis: Volume 21 (Specialist Periodical Reports, Band 21) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0854042490 ISBN 13: 9780854042494

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009

Inhaltsangabe

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and critical review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading authorities in the relevant subject, the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist with regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. Subject coverage of all volumes is very similar and publication is on an annual or biennial basis. There is an increasing challenge for chemical industry and research institutions to find cost-effective and environmentally sound methods of converting natural resources into fuels, chemicals and energy. Catalysts are essential to these processes and the Catalysis Specialist Periodical Report series serves to highlight major developments in this area. Catalysis 21 will be of interest to anyone working in academia and industry that needs an up-to-date critical analysis and summary of catalysis research and applications.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Professor Spivey is the McLaurin Shivers Professor of Chemical Engineering at Louisiana State University and Director of the DOE Energy Frontier Research Center at LSU. Professor Spivey's research interests include the application of the principles of heterogeneous catalysis to catalytic combustion, control of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from combustion processes, acid/base catalysis (e.g., for condensation reactions), hydrocarbon synthesis, and the study of catalyst deactivation.

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Catalysis Volume 21

A Review of Recent Literature

By James J. Spivey, Kerry M. Dooley

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2009 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-0-85404-249-4

Contents

Preface James J. Spivey and Kerry M. Dooley, 7, 
Heterogeneous catalysis for production of value-added chemicals from biomass Kresten Egeblad, Jeppe Rass-Hansen, Charlotte C. Marsden, Esben Taarning and Claus Hviid Christensen, 13, 
Catalytic and photocatalytic removal of pollutants from aqueous sources J. A. Anderson and M. Fernández-García, 51, 
Nano-architecture and reactivity of titania catalytic materials. Part 2. Bidimensional nanostructured films Gabriele Centi and Siglinda Perathoner, 82, 
Recent advances in heterogeneous catalysis enabled by first-principles methods Ye Xu, 131, 
Ionic liquids as catalysts, solvents and conversion agents Amit C. Gujar and Mark G. White, 154, 
Measurement techniques in catalysis for mechanism development: kinetic, transient and in situ methods Nora M. McLaughlin and Marco J. Castaldi, 191, 

CHAPTER 1

Heterogeneous catalysis for production of value-added chemicals from biomass

Kresten Egeblad, Jeppe Rass-Hansen, Charlotte C. Marsden, Esben Taarning and Claus Hviid Christensen

DOI: 10.1039/b712664f

1. Introduction

Almost everything around us is in some way a product of controlled chemical processes. That is either chemical processes conducted in Nature or chemical processes conducted in the chemical industry. In the most developed parts of the World, it is in fact products from the chemical industry that completely dominate our everyday lives. These products range from fuels and fertilizers to plastics and pharmaceuticals. To make these products widely available, a huge amount of resources have been invested during the last century to develop the chemical industry to its current level where it is the largest industry worldwide, a cornerstone of contemporary society, and also a platform for further global economic growth. It can be argued that the enormous success of the chemical industry can be attributed to the almost unlimited availability of inexpensive fossil resources, and to a continuously increasing number of catalysts and catalytic processes that make it possible to efficiently transform the fossil resources into all the required compounds and materials. Accordingly, more than 95% of the fuels and chemicals produced worldwide are derived from fossil resources, and more than 60% of the processes and 90% of the products in chemical industry somehow rely on catalysis. It has been estimated that 20–30% of the production in the industrialized world is directly dependent on catalytic technology. Therefore, it is not surprising that we are continuously expanding our already vast empirical knowledge about catalysis to further improve the efficiency of existing catalysts and processes, to discover entirely new ways of valorizing available resources, and to lower the environmental impact of human activities. Due to the overwhelming importance of fossil resources during the 20th century, most catalysis research efforts have, so far, concerned the conversion of these resources into value-added fuels and chemicals. There are, however, indications that the era of easy access to inexpensive fossil resources, especially crude oil, is coming to an end. The resources are certainly limited and the demand from everywhere in the world is growing rapidly. At the same time, it is becoming increasingly clear that the emission of CO2 that follows the use of fossil resources is threatening the climate of the Earth. Together this makes the development of a chemical industry based on renewable resources one of the most important challenges of the 21th century.

This challenge has two different facets. One is the discovery and development of methods to use renewable resources to supply suitable energy carriers, in sufficient quantities at acceptable costs, and with minimal impact on the environment. The other is the discovery and development of new ways to provide all the chemicals needed to sustain a modern society. Whereas there are several possible energy scenarios that do not involve carbon-containing energy currencies, it is in fact impossible to envisage how it should be possible to provide the required chemicals and materials without relying extensively on carbon-containing compounds. Thus, to develop a chemical industry that does not depend on fossil resources, there are only two alternative carbon sources and that is CO2 and biomass. Since transformation of CO2 into useful chemicals always requires a significant energy input and since it is usually only available in minute concentrations, it appears attractive to instead utilize biomass as the dominant feedstock for chemical industry. In this way, it is possible to harvest the energy input from the Sun that is stored by photosynthesis in the C–C, C–H, C–O, and O–H bonds of the biomass. Clearly, a shift from fossil resources to renewable resources as the preferred feedstock in chemical industry is a formidable challenge. However, it is worth pointing out that during the early part of the 20th century, before fossil resources became widely available, biomass was the preferred feedstock for the emerging chemical industry, and today, biomass still finds use as a feedstock for a range of very important chemicals. Interestingly, these processes often rely mostly on the availability of biological catalysts whereas the processes for conversion of hydrocarbons use mostly heterogeneous catalysts. However, to explore the full potential of biomass as a feedstock in chemical industry, it appears necessary to integrate processes that rely on biological catalysts with processes that use heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysts to develop new, cost-competitive and environmentally friendly technologies. Here, we will survey the possibilities for producing value-added chemicals from biomass using heterogeneous catalytic processes.

2. Setting a new scene

2.1 Biomass for production of fuels and chemicals

Currently, there exists a strong focus on the manufacture of transportation fuels from biomass. Clearly, this can be attributed to a desire to relinquish our dependence on fossil fuels, in particular crude oil, and also to significantly lower the emission of greenhouse gasses to minimize global warming. In some regions of the world, it seems that production of bio-ethanol is indeed already cost-competitive with gasoline and this demonstrates the potential of biomass as a renewable raw material. However, it is also clear that widespread use of biomass as a raw material for biofuel production remains controversial from both an economical and an ecological perspective. These issues must, of course, be resolved soon in a fully transparent way to identify sustainable paths forward. However, it is undisputable that we will eventually need alternatives to the fossil resources for producing chemicals and materials. It can be argued that if the amount of biomass available is too limited to substitute fossil resources in all its applications and if sufficiently efficient methods for transforming biomass into value-added chemical can be developed, this will represent the optimal use of biomass. There are two reasons for this. First of all, most chemicals, even most of the simple petrochemical building blocks, are significantly more valuable than transportation fuels. This can be illustrated in a semi-quantitative way by...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2009
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 0854042490
• ISBN 13: 9780854042494
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 220
• Herausgeber: Spivey James J, Dooley K M
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: GPSR Kontakt; gpsr@libri.de; ; Europaallee 1; Bad Hersfeld; 36244; Deutschland