Polymer-based Nanostructures: Medical Applications (RSC Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 9) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0854049568 ISBN 13: 9780854049561

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010

Inhaltsangabe

Nanotechnology is about small things and medicine usually deals with bigger things - with patients and their diseases. The ultimate goal of all medical sciences is the healing of diseases whenever possible, otherwise the abatement of suffering. The first step of a successful medical treatment is the correct diagnosis of the disease or disease condition, based on clinical knowledge and experience and on diagnostic tools that give insight into macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical properties of the disease process. Nanomaterials can improve currently available diagnostic applications in medicine and especially polymer-based nanostructures have an enormous potential to revolutionize the way how clinicians diagnose diseases correctly and efficiently. The second step when treating patients is a powerful and specific therapy that is low in side effects, that can prolong the survival of the patient or that can lower the burden of the disease. Again, polymer-based nanostructures are very promising novel tools that might change the way how certain diseases are being treated. This book combines both viewpoints and presents successful applications of nanotechnological constructs in medicine and the science behind the tools. Supramolecular nanometre-sized structures such as nanoparticles or vesicles built out of new synthetic polymeric materials have aroused enormous interest in recent years - both in chemical and pharmaceutical labs as well as in clinical medicine. They promise to be useful for novel or improved diagnostic and therapeutic applications for important diseases such as arteriosclerosis, cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. In the first part of this book, renowned researchers provide a detailed insight into both chemical and biological/pharmacological basics that have to be managed for successful applications of these nanostructures in human beings. In the second part, invited authors review the main literature in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications with polymer-based nanostructures that have already reached clinical practice or will enter it in the next few years. Key features include: -Multidisciplinary: The book is written by both clinicians from world-wide leading University Hospitals as well as researchers coming from natural sciences. Special effort was invested into comprehensibility across the traditional borders of medicine, pharmacology, and chemistry. -State-of-the-art: The book is filled with exciting contributions from some of the leading research groups in the field. This guarantees a clear emphasis on ongoing research and ground-breaking applications and projects -Structure: The book can be read from the beginning to the end, starting with basics that help to understand the current diagnostic and therapeutic applications of polymer-based nanostructures in medicine, ending with innovative multifunctional and "smart" nanostructures that might be the future of medicine. The way leads from solid foundations to nowadays applications and further to more futuristic approaches -References: The internationally renowned authors of the chapters have put great efforts into choosing only the most important and competitive papers for the reference lists. All major projects in this field are included - perfect for students or researchers that want to search the main literature thus avoiding the need to search through huge electronic databases

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Dr Pavel Broz MD is at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.

Dr Pavel Broz MD is at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

Nanotechnology is about small things and medicine usually deals with bigger things - with patients and their diseases. This book combines both viewpoints and presents successful applications of nanotechnological constructs in medicine and the science behind the tools. Supramolecular nanometre-sized structures such as nanoparticles or vesicles built out of new synthetic polymeric materials have aroused enormous interest in recent years - both in chemical and pharmaceutical labs as well as in clinical medicine. They promise to be useful for novel or improved diagnostic and therapeutic applications for important diseases such as arteriosclerosis, cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. In the first part of this book, renowned researchers provide a detailed insight into both chemical and biological/pharmacological basics that have to be managed for successful applications of these nanostructures in human beings. In the second part, invited authors review the main literature in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications with polymer-based nanostructures that have already reached clinical practice or will enter it in the next few years. Key features include: -Multidisciplinary: The book is written by both clinicians from world-wide leading University Hospitals as well as researchers coming from natural sciences. Special effort was invested into comprehensibility across the traditional borders of medicine, pharmacology, and chemistry. -State-of-the-art: The book is filled with exciting contributions from some of the leading research groups in the field. This guarantees a clear emphasis on ongoing research and ground-breaking applications and projects -Structure: The book can be read from the beginning to the end, starting with basics that help to understand the current diagnostic and therapeutic applications of polymer-based nanostructures in medicine, ending with innovative multifunctional and "smart" nanostructures that might be the future of medicine. The way leads from solid foundations to nowadays applications and further to more futuristic approaches -References: The internationally renowned authors of the chapters have put great efforts into choosing only the most important and competitive papers for the reference lists. All major projects in this field are included - perfect for students or researchers that want to search the main literature thus avoiding the need to search through huge electronic databases

Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Polymer-Based Nanostructures

Medical Applications

By Pavel Broz

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2010 Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-0-85404-956-1

Contents

Chapter 1 Polymer Materials for Biomedical Applications Violeta Malinova and Wolfgang Meier, 3, 
Chapter 2 Strategies for Transmembrane Passage of Polymer-based Nanostructures Emmanuel O. Akala, 16, 
Chapter 3 Nanoparticle Engineering for the Lymphatic System and Lymph Node Targeting Seyed M. Moghimi, 81, 
Chapter 4 Strategies for Intracellular Delivery of Polymer-based Nanosystems Jaspreet K. Vasir, Chiranjeevi Peetla and Vinod Labhasetwar, 98]TP1, 
Chapter 5 Strategies for Triggered Release from Polymer-based Nanostructures Violeta Malinova, Lucy Kind, Mariusz Grzelakowski and Wolfgang Meier, 114, 
Chapter 6 Polymeric Nanoparticles for Medical Imaging Egidijus E. Uzgiris, 173, 
Chapter 7 Polymeric Vesicles/Capsules for Diagnostic Applications in Medicine Margaret A. Wheatley, 237, 
Chapter 8 Polymeric Micelles for Therapeutic Applications in Medicine Vladimir P. Torchilin, 261, 
Chapter 9 Anti-Cancer Polymersomes Shenshen Cai, David A. Christian, Manu Tewari, Tamara Minko and Dennis E. Discher, 300, 
Chapter 10 Polymer-based Nanoreactors for Medical Applications An Ranquin, Caroline De Vocht and Patrick Van Gelder, 315, 
Chapter 11 Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Yong-Eun Lee Koo, Daniel A. Orringer and Raoul Kopelman, 333, 
Subject Index, 354, 

CHAPTER 1

Polymer Materials for Biomedical Applications

VIOLETA MALINOVA AND WOLFGANG MEIER

University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

1.1 Introduction

Polymers are the most versatile class of biomaterials, being extensively applied in diverse medical fields such as tissue engineering, implantation, artificial organs, medical devices, prostheses, contact lenses, dental materials and pharmaceutical vehicles. Compared with other types of biomaterials, such as metals and ceramics, polymers can be synthesized in different compositions with a wide variety of structures and properties which permit specific applications.

The recent progress in nanotechnology as well as the active research at the interface of polymer chemistry and biomedicine has opened novel opportunities to use nano-sized polymeric systems in bioengineering, molecular biology, diagnostics, and therapeutics. In this chapter we aim to summarize the types of polymer-based nanostructures applied in biomedical fields and outline the basic criteria for polymer selection.

1.2 Polymers as biomaterials

Polymers used as biomaterials can be naturally occurring, synthetic of combination of both. Natural polymers are abundant, usually biodegradable and offer good biocompatibility. A majority of drug delivery systems have been based on proteins (e.g. collagen, gelatine, and albumin) and polysaccharides (e.g. starch, dextran, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan). For example, chitosan and its derivatives have shown excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, low immunogenicity, and biological activities. The principal disadvantage of natural polymers is associated with their structural complexity, which often makes modification and purification difficult. On the other hand, synthetic polymers are available in a wide variety of compositions with readily controlled physicochemical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties. Advanced polymerization techniques, processing, and blending provide ways for optimizing the polymer mechanical characteristics, diffusive and biological properties. A primary drawback of the majority of synthetic materials is the general lack of biocompatibility, although poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(lacticco-glycolic) acid are notable exceptions.

1.2.1 Natural and Synthetic Polymers

The role of natural and synthetic polymers of macroscopic dimensions (mm to cm) in biomedical applications such as fabrication of prostheses, implants, and soft contact lenses is well established. During the last two decades an extensive research has been dedicated to understanding the function of nano-structured polymers as biomaterials. Indeed, polymeric nanostructures are predominantly used to design intelligent systems for drug formulations. Polymer therapeutics can be broadly classified into polymer–drug conjugates, polymer–protein conjugates and novel nano-vehicles such as self-assembled block copolymer micelles, vesicles, DNA/polycation complexes ("polyplexes"), block ionomer complexes, micro (nanogels) and nanocapsules (-spheres) (Figure 1.1).

Usually, all subclasses utilize specific water-soluble or biodegradable polymers, either bioactive themselves or an inert parts of drug, gene or protein delivery systems. Polymer–protein conjugates are widely employed for biomedical applications. Covalent attachment of a synthetic polymer to biopolymers such as proteins, enzymes, antibodies, usually improves the stability, solubility, and biocompatibility of both components as well as extends the circulation time of the system. Poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO) (commonly referred to as poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG)) has become the prototypical "biocompatible" polymer for conjugation with therapeutic peptides, proteins, and anti-bodies ("PEGylation"). Several PEGylated proteins are in clinical use. The concept of polymer–drug conjugates is based on the "Ringsdorf's model" implying a drug, a polymeric carrier, and a cleavable covalent link between the two. Careful tailoring of the polymer–drug linker is essential for the creation of polymer-based drug delivery system, since the latter has to be inert during transport and allow drug liberation at an appropriate rate. Further elaboration of this model included the incorporation of a targeting motif to ensure delivery of the therapeutic at the desired biological site. It is important to mention that the polymer–drug conjugates provide an ideal opportunity for simultaneous delivery of a combination of drugs. A number of polymer–drug conjugates are in clinical trials, others are already on the market.

Compared to this first generation polymer therapeutics, the new generation nanosized materials are more advanced (Figure 1.1b). They offer high drug loading capacity, adequate stability in the bloodstream, long circulating properties, and can be designed to enable selective drug targeting with a suitable drug release profile. Polymeric micelles with non-covalently (physical entrapment) or covalently (chemical conjugation) incorporated drugs are extensively studied as promising nanoscopic therapeutics due to their attractive features approaching the requirements for selective dug delivery. Some of these systems are presently in phase I or phase II clinical trials. Besides the core-shell type of self-assembly structure typical for polymeric micelles, depending on the polymer composition and the preparation conditions, amphiphilic block copolymers can also form vesicular structures. These are commonly called "polymersomes", and reflect the structure of liposomes meaning that a bilayer structure enclosing an aqueous interior is present. Compared with lipid vesicles which possess a number of pharmacokinetic limitations, polymersomes are considered to be more rigid, stable and versatile, and less permeable. These synthetic shells are being used to encapsulate, protect, target, and release various hydrophilic drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids. Furthermore, it was demonstrated by Discher et al....

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2010
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 0854049568
• ISBN 13: 9780854049561
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 388
• Herausgeber: Pavel Broz
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar