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1 Functional Anatomy of the Tongue and Mouth of Mammals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Receptors.- 2.1. Superficial Receptors.- 2.1.1. Chemoreceptors.- 2.1.2. Oral Thermoreceptors and Mechanoreceptors.- 2.2. Deep Receptors.- 2.2.1. Tongue.- 2.2.2. Jaws.- 2.3. Areas of the Central Nervous System Receiving Oral Afferent Input.- 2.3.1. Taste.- 2.3.2. Nongustatory Mouth and Jaw Inputs.- 3. Motor Input.- 3.1. Muscular Apparatus.- 3.1.1. Tongue.- 3.1.2. Jaws.- 3.2. Neural Control.- 3.2.1. Tongue.- 3.2.2. Jaws.- 3.2.3. Hypobranchial Muscles.- 4. Drinking Behavior.- 4.1. Licking.- 4.1.1. Detailed Properties of Licking.- 4.1.2. General Characteristics of Licking.- 4.2. Sucking.- 4.3. Swallowing.- References.- 2 The Recording of Licking Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. What Current Level Is Acceptable in the Sensing of Licking Behavior?.- 2.1. The Rat Considered as a Resistor in the Input Circuit of a Contact Sensor.- 2.2. Capacitance of the Input Circuit of the Lick Sensor.- 3. The Technique of Recording Licking Behavior.- 3.1. Recording the Lick Response.- 3.2. Measuring Time Spent Licking.- 4. Lick Sensors.- 4.1. Commercially Available Sensors.- 4.2. Lick Sensors That Were Used for the Study of Current-Licking Behavior.- 4.3. Lick Sensors That Do Not Require the Passage of an Electric Current through the Animal.- 4.3.1. Photo Lick Sensors.- 4.3.2. Lick Sensors Employing a Phonograph Cartridge.- 4.3.3. Pressure-Sensitive Lick Sensor.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 3 Classical and Instrumental Conditioning of Licking: A Review of Methodology and Data.- 1. Introduction and Overview.- 2. Methods of Detecting and Reinforcing the Lick Response.- 2.1. Techniques of Measurement.- 2.1.1. Electrical Detection.- 2.1.2. Acoustic Detection.- 2.1.3. Photodetection.- 2.1.4. Licking-Evoked Potentials.- 2.2. Reinforcing Techniques.- 2.2.1. The Cup.- 2.2.2. The Waterspout.- 2.2.3. Needle Dispensers.- 2.2.4. Drop Dispensers.- 2.2.5. Intra- and Perioral Dispensers.- 3. Classical and Instrumental Conditioning of Licking Behavior.- 3.1. Respondent Aspects.- 3.1.1. Properties of the Unconditional Stimulus.- 3.1.2. The Unconditional Response.- 3.1.3. Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery of Conditional Licking Responses.- 3.2. Instrumental Conditioning of the Licking Response.- 3.2.1. The Undiscriminated versus the Discriminated Operant.- 3.2.2. Control of Licking by Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement.- 3.2.3. Discriminative-Stimulus Control of Licking.- 4. A Controversy: The Doctrine of Invariance.- 5. Suggestions for Development and Research.- 5.1. Instrumentation and Measurement.- 5.1.1. Standardization versus Specification.- 5.1.2. Perfection of Measures of Lick Detection.- 5.2. Unresolved Issues.- 6. Summary.- References.- 4 Airlicking and Cold Licking in Rodents.- 1. Airlicking.- 1.1. Measurement Problems.- 1.2. Ontogeny.- 1.3. Acquisition.- 1.4. Organismic Determinants.- 1.4.1. Deprivation State.- 1.4.2. Food Deprivation: Schedule-Induced Airlicking.- 1.4.3. Desalivation.- 1.4.4. Lingual Denervation.- 1.4.5. Hypothalamic Stimulation.- 1.4.6. Hypothalamic Lesions.- 1.4.7. Hypothalamic Cooling.- 1.4.8. Comparative Aspects.- 1.5. Airstream Parameters.- 1.5.1. Airstream Pressure.- 1.5.2. Puff Duration.- 1.5.3. Airstream Temperature and Humidity.- 1.5.4. Airstream Accessibility.- 1.6. Electrophysiology.- 1.7. Satiating Effects.- 1.8. Reinforcing Effects.- 2. Cold Licking.- 2.1. Schedule-Induced Cold Licking.- 2.2. Stimulation-Induced Cold Licking.- 3. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Current Licking: Lick-Contingent Electrical Stimulation of the Tongue.- 1. Current Licking: Some Basic Aspects of the Phenomenon.- 1.1. Reinforcing Effects of Peripheral Electrical Stimulation.- 1.2. The Study of Current-Licking Behavior: General Information.- 1.2.1. Recording Licking Behavior.- 1.2.2. Test Chamber.- 1.2.3. Water-Deprivation Schedule.- 1.2.4. Standard Training.- 1.2.5. Subjects.- 1.3. Dependence of Current-Licking Behavior on Experience with Water plus Cur
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