Topics in Optics and Laser Light in the Atmosphere - Softcover

Mensah, Francis

Softcover

ISBN 10: 1496905849 ISBN 13: 9781496905840

Verlag: AuthorHouse, 2014

Inhaltsangabe

The book is a review of some basics notions in optics. The first chapter starts with a review of Newton's laws and planetary motion and some related equations. The second chapter deals with the planet earth's atmosphere; the third is an introduction to remote sensing. Chapter 4 and 5 introduce a background on Maxwell's laws in electromagnetism and light polarization. Some other topics of interest have been also developed. Among these topics are the light interaction with spherical surfaces and related equations, light Interference, linear polarization by anisotropy, Fourier transform spectroscopy, and an introduction to Lidar.

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Topics in Optics and Laser Light in the Atmosphere

By Francis Mensah

AuthorHouse LLC

Copyright © 2014 Francis Mensah
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-4969-0584-0

Contents

Chapter 1 Review of Newton's laws, 
Chapter 2 The Planet earth's atmosphere, 
Chapter 3 Remote sensing, 
Chapter 4 Background on Maxwell's laws in electromagnetism, 
Chapter 5 Light polarization in a given medium, 
Chapter 6 Review of Geometric optics, 
Chapter 7 Light interaction with spherical surfaces and related equations, 
Chapter 8 Light Interference, 
Chapter 9 Linear polarization by anisotropy, 
Chapter 10 Fourier transform spectroscopy, 
Chapter 11 Laser optics, 
Chapter 12 Lidar theory, 
Chapter 13 Equipment and experimental procedure, 
Chapter 14 Calibration and introduction to data analysis, 
Appendix, 
Appendix A:, 
Appendix B, 
References, 

CHAPTER 1

Review of Newton's laws

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Newton's first law of motion
1.3. Newton's second law of motion
1.4. Newton's third law
1.5. Newton's law of universal gravitation
1.6. Variation of the gravitation acceleration with
the altitude
1.7. Planetary motion and Kepler's laws

1.1. Introduction

The review of Newton's law is important at the beginning of this book because they deal with motion and gravitation.

1.2. Newton's first law of motion

Newton's first law of motion also called the law of inertia describes the tendency of an object to maintain it original states of motion called inertia. The law is stated as follows: An object at rest stays at rest as far as the net force acting upon it is zero. Otherwise, if it moves, it will move with a constant velocity unless acting upon by an unbalanced net force. In this case the acceleration of the center of mass is zero:

[??] = [??] (1.1)

1.3. Newton's second law of motion

Newton second law of motion concerns the force and the acceleration of an object in motion. According to this law, and object in which is acted upon a non-zero net force moves with an acceleration that is proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. The acceleration in this case has the same direction as the net force. Newton's second law motion can be summarize in the following equation:

[??] = [??]/m (1.2)

Newton second law of motion can also be written in term of the change in the linear momentum, [??]:

[??] = d]??]/dt (1.3)

Note that the linear momentum of a particle or object of mass m moving with a velocity [??] is given by [??] = m]??]

1.4. Newton's third law

Newton's third law of motion is the law of action and reaction. According to this law, for any action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. So, if we design the action and reaction respectively by A and [??], we will have the relation:

[??] = -[??] (1.4)

1.5. Newton's law of universal gravitation

Newton developed this theory in 1965 for some reason it would not be publish until 1685. The most important aspect of this law was that the gravitational force is universal and that the same force that caused apples to fall was also responsible for the motion of the moon. The law states that any two bodies in the universe attract each other by a common force that is proportional to the masses of the bodies and inversely proportional to the distance separating the two bodies. The coefficient of proportionality is called the universal constant of gravitation. Mathematically the law can be given by the equation:

F = G mM/r2 (1.5)

The constant of proportionality G is given by:

G = 6.673 × 10-11Nm2/kg2 (1.6)

1.6. Variation of the gravitation acceleration with the altitude

Consider the body of mass M as the planet Earth and the object of mass m as an apple. The apple is at a distance r from the center of mass of the planet Earth. We assume the planet Earth to be spherical (see figure 1.2).

Now, let us use the two formulas related to Newton's law of universal gravitation and Newton's second law of motion:

[??] = G[mM/r2] [??]r (1.7)

[??] = m]??] (1.8)

[??]r is a unit vector that has the same direction as the one of the gravitation force which is directed to the center of the planet Earth. Those two forces are equal. Then we have:

[??] = G[M/r2] [??]r (1.9)

In magnitude,

a = G[M/r2]. (1.10)

If the radius of the planet Earth is Re, the acceleration on the surface of the planet Earth is [g = G[M/Re2]. Comparing the acceleration on the surface of the planet Earth and the one at the distance r from the center of the planet Earth, we have:

a/g = (Re/r)2 (1.11)

1.7. Planetary motion and Kepler's laws

For centuries, physicists have been trying to explain the motion of the planets around the sun in the solar system. Among the theories that held sway over years, was the geocentric theory associated with Claudius Ptolemy (C. A.D. 150). This theory was successful in explaining the planetary motion with a degree of accuracy related to the level of knowledge in those days. In this theory, the planet Earth was the center of the universe. In fact, the word geocentric can be split in two words: geo which means Earth and centric or center. This theory gives a model called the Ptolemaic model and was accepted by old civilizations such as the Greek civilization. It is then assumed that all the celestial bodies such as the sun, the moon, the stars and others, circled around the Earth.

Before Ptolemy, other geek philosophers, Aristotle and his student Plato wrote on the theory of geocentrism considering the planet Earth as spherical, stationary at the center of the universe and other celestial bodies turn around the earth on circular orbits. A century later, Aristarchus of Samos (310 -210 B.C.), propose his theory considering the sun fixed at the center of the universe. In his theory the earth revolve around the sun in a circular orbit. He also noticed that the start appears fixed in position because their distances from the sun were huge compare with the distance sun-earth. This theory called heliocentric theory was not well accepted in those days. From the second century to the sixteen century only the Ptolemy theory was accepted and taught. Later, Nicolas Copernicus (1472-1543) will revive again the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus of Samos which will trigger a scientific revolution in which other great physicist such as Kepler, Galileo and Newton would play a key role. In his heliocentric theory, Copernicus considers the sun at the center of the universe and all the planets revolve around the sun in circular orbits. The fixed stars were assumed to lie in spheres surrounding the solar system. The heliocentric theory met some opposition. However, a famous Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe (15461601) made very careful and unprecedented accurate measurements of the motions of the planets that convinced him about Copernican hypothesis. Brahe careful and convincible observations and measurement were bequeathed to German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) who after analysis of the data introduced three laws that describe the motions of the planets around the sun.

Kepler's three laws can be stated as follows:

First law

The path or orbit of each planet in it motion around the sun is elliptic with the sun at...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: AuthorHouse
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2014
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1496905849
• ISBN 13: 9781496905840
• Einband: Taschenbuch
• Anzahl der Seiten: 310
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: KreGa Onlinehandel GmbH; 4950000000000; info@krega-onlinehandel.de; ; Birkenweg 31; Brakel; 33034; Deutschland