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The Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic: The Rise and Fall of an Early Mesoamerican Civilization - Hardcover
Inhaltsangabe
From 400 BC to AD 250, the southern Maya region was one of the most remarkable civilizations of the ancient Americas. Filled with great cities linked by flourishing long-distance trade, shared elite ideologies, and a vibrant material culture, this region was pivotal not only for the Maya but for Mesoamerica as a whole. Although it has been of great interest to scholars, gaps in the knowledge have led to debate on the most vital questions about the southern region.
Recent research has provided a wealth of broadly based new data that have expanded the understanding of this region and its influence on greater Mesoamerica. In The Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic, prominent contributors debate whether the southern region was indeed "Maya" or instead a region of intense multiethnic interaction, with speakers of many languages and many sources of identity. The chapters address a host of advanced developments to which this area can lay claim--urbanism and city-states, the earliest Maya writing, and the origin of the Maya calendar--as well as additional issues including the construction of social and cultural identities, economic networks of early complex societies, relationships between the Maya and the Olmec, and a comprehensive discussion of the ancient city of Kaminaljuyu and its relationship to other cities in the region.
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Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor
Michael Love is a professor of anthropology at California State University, Northridge. Jonathan Kaplan is the director of Proyecto Arqueológico Chocolá and research associate at both the University of Pennsylvania and the Museum of New Mexico.
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The Southern Maya
The Rise and Fall of an Early Mesoamerican Civilization in the Late Preclassic
By Michael Love, Jonathan KaplanUniversity Press of Colorado
Copyright © 2011 University Press of Colorado
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-60732-092-0All rights reserved.
Contents
List of Figures,
List of Tables,
List of Contributors,
Preface,
PART 1: PATTERNS OF INTERACTION,
1. Critical Issues in the Southern Maya Region and the Late Preclassic Period Michael Love,
2. Revisiting the Mixe-Zoque: A Brief History of the Preclassic Peoples of Chiapas John E. Clark and Mary E. Pye,
3. Cities, States, and City-State Culture in the Late Preclassic Southern Maya Region Michael Love,
4. The People with No Name: Some Observations about the Plain Stelae of Pacific Guatemala, El Salvador, and Chiapas with Respect to Issues of Ethnicity and Rulership Frederick J. Bove,
5. Signifying Late Preclassic Rulership: Patterns of Continuity from the Southern Maya Zone Julia Guernsey,
PART 2: LANGUAGES AND TEXTS,
6. Languages of the Preclassic Period along the Pacific Coastal Plains of Southeastern Mesoamerica J. Kathryn Josserand,
7. Late Preclassic Texts from Mexico and Guatemala with Reference to Southern Guatemala Martha J. Macri,
PART 3: KAMINALJUYU AND ITS NEIGHBORS,
8. Late Preclassic Developments at Takalik Abaj Marion Popenoe de Hatch, Christa Schieber de Lavarreda, and Miguel Orrego Corzo,
9. Miraflores Kaminaljuyu: Corpse and Corpus Delicti Jonathan Kaplan,
10. The Eastern Caqchiquel Highlands during the Preclassic Period: Interaction, Growth, and Depopulation Geoffrey E. Braswell and Eugenia J. Robinson,
11. Before the Classic in the Southeastern Area: Issues of Organizational and Ethnic Diversity in the Copan Region, Western Honduras Robert J. Sharer, Marcello A. Canuto, and Ellen E. Bell,
PART 4: SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS,
12. The Political, Economic, and Cultural Correlates of Late Preclassic Southern Highland Material Culture: Evidence, Analyses, and Controversies Arthur A. Demarest,
13. Conclusion: The Southern Maya Region and the Problem of Unities Jonathan Kaplan,
References Cited,
Index,
CHAPTER 1
Michael Love
Critical Issues in the Southern Maya Region and the Late Preclassic Period
The Southern Maya Region, including the highlands and Pacific coastal plain of southern Mesoamerica, was home to one of the most remarkable civilizations of the ancient Americas during the Late Preclassic period (400 BC–AD 250). For this brief period the region was filled with great cities linked by flourishing trade, shared elite ideologies, and a vibrant material culture. The early development of social complexity, monumental architecture, dynamic art, and writing should make the region a prominent case study for scholars around the world who are interested in the origins of early civilization and the state. Yet it remains poorly known even to many working in nearby parts of Mesoamerica, including archaeologists of the Maya lowlands. The present volume aims to heighten awareness of this key time and place and to make the data from recent investigations accessible to a broader audience than the small number of experts who work in the region. A further ambition is to emphasize the vast potential for research in the region and to stimulate further inquiry.
The Southern Maya Region has attracted the attention of scholars and the lay public since the very beginnings of Mesoamerican archaeology, yet it remains, to borrow Winston Churchill's aphorism about Soviet Russia, "a riddle wrapped inside a mystery, inside an enigma." We do not know what to make of the great florescence of the Southern Highlands and Coast, either its origins or its overall impact on Mesoamerican civilization. Uncertain dating of many ceramic complexes and sculptural styles, along with geographic gaps in our knowledge, provide sufficient room to accommodate diverse points of view on even the most vital questions regarding the Southern Region. Are the roots of Maya civilization to be found here, or is it independent of, and merely peripheral to, Classic Maya civilization in the lowlands? Was it heir to the Olmec civilization and a conduit for cultural transmission to the Maya lowlands? Do the many Cycle 7 Long Count dates indicate that calendrics and writing developed here before they appeared in the Maya lowlands? What was the language of the early texts? Why did the magnificent manifestation of Preclassic civilization in the Southern Region disappear so quickly with the onset of the Classic period?
The use of the moniker "Southern Maya Region" for the highlands and Pacific Coast of Chiapas, Guatemala, and El Salvador is based on the dominance of Mayan speakers in the region in historic times. As will be seen throughout this volume, the label may be less accurate for the Preclassic period, as the modern distribution of Mayan speakers may not reflect the situation in earlier times and the "Mayaness" of many cultural traits is debatable. Nonetheless, it is the apparently or putatively Maya elements that are among the most spectacular features of the region during the Late Preclassic period, especially the carved stelae and hieroglyphic texts. Many of those same traits were shared with the Maya lowlands, making the role of Mayan speakers in the Southern Region and links to lowlands important and legitimate avenues for investigation. The title of the volume, therefore, expresses the centrality of issues regarding the Maya and "Mayaness" to understanding the Late Preclassic period in the Southern Highlands and Pacific Coast.
Defining the region as Maya, however, risks casting it in a subordinate role to the Maya lowlands in the minds of many. Lacking the romance of the lowland tropical forests, having monumental pyramids of earth rather than stone, and without great tourist Meccas, the Southern Region is often labeled as peripheral, both to the Maya lowlands and to the rest of Mesoamerica (Parsons 1969). To be sure, there have been many voices that declared the Southern Region to be the hearth of Maya civilization and extolled the density and size of its ruins or the early appearance of many traits perhaps not found in the Maya lowlands until the Classic period. Debate about the supposed precociousness of the region has only heightened in recent years as evidence for early cities in the Maya lowlands has grown (Estrada Belli 2010).
One reason for the supposed peripheral nature of the Southern Region is undoubtedly that of chronology. Until recently, Mesoamerican civilization was thought to be purely a Classic period phenomenon, and the undeniably Preclassic apogee of the Southern Region automatically placed it in an epoch of development prior to urbanism, the state, and true civilization in traditional models. Even though the Southern Region has at times been viewed as the source of many aspects of Maya civilization, those traits were interpreted as mere precursors to their fully developed forms during the glory of the Classic period.
Paradoxically, recently accumulated evidence for the early development of lowland Maya cities, complex political systems, and monumental architecture during the Preclassic has only served to reinforce, in many minds, the marginality of the Southern Region. Investigations in the past twenty years have revealed a sophisticated lowland civilization during the Late Preclassic, ca. 400 BC–AD 250, with large centers such as Cerros, Cival, El Mirador, Lamanai, Nachtuun,...
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