Photocured Materials: Fabrication of Functional Nanoshells (RSC Smart Materials, 13, Band 13) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 178262001X ISBN 13: 9781782620013

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014

Inhaltsangabe

Traditionally, most synthetically developed materials are hardened by heating them to an elevated temperature, a process requiring large amounts of energy and space. Interest in photo cured materials using UV-light is growing due to simplifications in manufacturing and growing environmental concerns; it is expected photocuring could reduce electricity consumption by 90% compared to traditional curing. Photocured materials also reduce evaporation of volatile organic components, curing time and waste, thereby enhancing productivity and reducing work space.

The materials technologies based on photocuring are gaining momentum, and this will be the first book to provide an in-depth focus on the subject. This book summarises the fundamentals required to understand the field, characterises the use of novel materials and the development of synthetic aspects, and discusses the future of the technology.

The comprehensive review chapters are suitable for a broad readership from diverse backgrounds including chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, medical science, pharmacy, biotechnology and biomedical engineering. Photocured Materials will be of interest to students, researchers, scientists, engineers and professors.

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Traditionally, most synthetically developed materials are hardened by heating them to an elevated temperature, a process requiring large amounts of energy and space. Interest in photocured materials using UV and visible light is growing due to simplifications in manufacturing and growing environmental concerns; it is expected photocuring could reduce electricity consumption by up to 90% compared to traditional curing. Photocured materials also reduce evaporation of volatile organic compounds, curing time and waste, thereby enhancing productivity and reducing work space.

The materials technologies based on photocuring are gaining momentum, and this will be the first book to provide an in-depth focus on the subject. This book summarises the fundamentals required to understand the field, characterises the use of novel materials and the development of synthetic aspects, and discusses the future of the technology.

The comprehensive review chapters are suitable for a broad readership from diverse backgrounds including chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, medical science, pharmacy, biotechnology and biomedical engineering. Photocured Materials will be of interest to students, researchers, scientists, engineers and professors.

Aus dem Klappentext

Traditionally, most synthetically developed materials are hardened by heating them to an elevated temperature, a process requiring large amounts of energy and space. Interest in photocured materials using UV and visible light is growing due to simplifications in manufacturing and growing environmental concerns; it is expected photocuring could reduce electricity consumption by up to 90% compared to traditional curing. Photocured materials also reduce evaporation of volatile organic compounds, curing time and waste, thereby enhancing productivity and reducing work space.

The materials technologies based on photocuring are gaining momentum, and this will be the first book to provide an in-depth focus on the subject. This book summarises the fundamentals required to understand the field, characterises the use of novel materials and the development of synthetic aspects, and discusses the future of the technology.

The comprehensive review chapters are suitable for a broad readership from diverse backgrounds including chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, medical science, pharmacy, biotechnology and biomedical engineering. Photocured Materials will be of interest to students, researchers, scientists, engineers and professors.

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Photocured Materials

By Atul Tiwari, Alexander Polykarpov

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-78262-001-3

Contents

Chapter 1 Photocured Materials: A General Perspective Alexander Polykarpov and Atul Tiwari, 1, 
Chapter 2 UV-Curable Coating Technologies Mark D. Soucek and Xiaofeng Ren, 15, 
Chapter 3 Newly Synthesized Photocrosslinkable Liquid-Crystalline Polymers and their Properties G. Kumar and K. Subramanian, 49, 
Chapter 4 Efficient Photoinitiators for Two-Photon Polymerization Jan Torgersen, 75, 
Chapter 5 Inhomogeneous Photopolymerization in Multicomponent Media A. Veltri, A. V. Sukhov, R. Caputo, L. De Sio, M. Infusino and C. P. Umeton, 87, 
Chapter 6 Microfabrication Processes and Applications of Liquid Photosensitive Materials Chin-Tai Chen, 103, 
Chapter 7 UV-Cured Functional Coatings M. Sangermano, I. Roppolo and M. Messori, 121, 
Chapter 8 Photoreactive Polymers For Microarray Chips Di Zhou, Ponnurengam Malliappan Sivakumar, Tae Il Son and Yoshihiro Ito, 134, 
Chapter 9 Boron/Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Photocurable Coatings Emrah Çakmakçi and Memet Vezir Kahraman, 150, 
Chapter 10 Lamellar and Circular Constructs Containing Self-Aligned Liquid Crystals Luciano De Sio, Nelson Tabiryan and Timothy Bunning, 188, 
Chapter 11 POLICRYPS: A Multipurpose, Application-Oriented Platform R. Caputo, M. Infusino, A. Veltri, L. De Sio, A. V. Sukhov and C. P. Umeton, 200, 
Chapter 12 SU-8 for Microsystem Fabrication Yi Chiu and Yu-Ting Cheng, 220, 
Chapter 13 UV-Based Dual Mechanism for Crosslinking and Stabilization of PAN-Based Carbon-Fiber Precursors Marlon S. Morales and Amod A. Ogale, 256, 
Chapter 14 Analytical Methods for Determining Photoinitiators in Food-Contact Materials M. A. Lago, R. Sendón and A. Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós, 290, 
Chapter 15 Methacrylate and Epoxy Resins Photocured by Means of Visible Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Claudia I. Vallo and Silvana V. Asmussen, 321, 
Chapter 16 Waste Materials Cured and Modified by Irradiating and their Use in Concrete Gonzalo Martínez-Barrera and Osman Gencel, 347, 
Subject Index, 360, 

CHAPTER 1

Photocured Materials: A General Perspective

ALEXANDER POLYKARPOV AND ATUL TIWARI

1.1 Current Trends and Future Avenues

1.1.1 Photocured Applications

Photocured materials are obtained by photoinduced hardening or cross-linking of various monomer-, oligomer-, and polymer-based compositions. Most commonly these materials are cured by UV, visible light, and electron beam (EB). A wide range of inexpensive UV photoinitiators coupled with the compactness, simplicity, and relatively low cost of UV equipment allows UV-cured materials to be used much more often and the interest in photocured materials has continued to grow in recent years.

Photocured materials are commonly used as coatings, inks and adhesives. The global consumption of photocurable coatings, inks and ad-hesives was 868 million pounds in 2012 worth $4.94 billion, according to a recent study from Kusumgar, Nerlfi & Growney Inc. Photocured materials have also been the mainstay of photolithographic applications playing an important role in the creation of microchips and printed circuit boards. Due to the very rapid and low-temperature cure these single-component systems also found uses in biomedical applications from nail polish and dental restorations to providing scaffolds for tissue and organ regeneration. Increasing demands for higher productivity and lower emissions of volatile organic chemicals (VOC) continue to support the expansion of photocured materials into various areas of human activities.

1.1.2 Graphic Arts

As the printing market declined due to reduced use of newspapers, magazines, and paper books the growth in the UV and electron beam (EB)-curable printing inks and coatings continued to be in the packaging applications. Especially attractive has been the use in food packaging where there is a continued need for safer, faster, and cheaper inks, functional coatings, and overprint varnishes.

Recent research in the photocurable inks area has been focused on replacing mercury-vapor-based UV lamps with UV LED cure sources and developing better performing systems with low migration and low odor for use in food packaging. Acrylate oligomers developed for use in UV/EB curable inks have to be fast curing, disperse multiple pigments well, and provide suitable rheology to the ink formulations. Most commonly these are polyester acrylates, though aliphatic epoxy acrylates and polyurethane acrylates are also used. Various special effect inks continue to be developed.

UV inkjet inks are being used to make packaging labels and typically suffer from fewer delamination issues than conventional inks. These inks also allow for easy inline processing such as hot stamping, die cutting, embossing and others. Plastic films are well suited for UV inkjet printing.

EB cure often provides a viable alternative to UV for inks and overprint varnishes. EB cure has been found to be especially effective in food-packaging applications where it leads to higher conversions of photocurable materials, while also removing the need for migrating photoinitiators and cure accelerators. Being an ionizing radiation with higher depth of penetration EB allows for much better through cure of pigmented coatings and inks. EB also enables cure through opaque to UV and visible-light multilayered substrates. EB coatings can be sufficiently durable to replace more expensive film lamination in paper-bag packaging.

1.1.3 Adhesives and Sealants

Photocured materials are being used in laminating and pressure-sensitive adhesives and even as structural adhesives. However, they still face a tough competition with the often less expensive on the per weight unit basis solvent, waterborne, and 100% solids two-component systems. Providing a low migration bonding layer for substrates used in food packaging presents an additional level of challenge due to the lower functionality of the oligomers and monomers used in adhesives than in coatings. This is often coupled with the difficulties in curing through opaque bonded substrates. EB-curable adhesives have recently seen better growth due to superior properties and better process control of EB cure.

Due to the speed of cure and ease of application UV-curable sealants found use in manufacturing of ammunition rounds. In this application UV-curable sealant is applied to the joint between the brass casing and the projectile of the ammunition cartridge after the cartridge has been fully assembled and crimped. The sealant penetrates into the joint by capillary action and is then UV cured to form a waterproof joint. A specially designed LED UV source is used to obtain a narrow strip of UV exposure with well-controlled uniformity.

UV-curable hot melt adhesives continue to be developed and often have superior properties to the conventional systems. UV-cured hot melt adhesives find uses in specialty pressure sensitive tapes, construction, and medical applications.

1.1.4 Barrier Coatings

Films and plastic containers with gas barrier coatings found multiple uses in food packaging where protection of flavor and extension of the life of packaged food and beverages is of great importance. Photopolymerizable thiolene systems were shown to form films with oxygen permeability that can be dialed from very low to very high...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2014
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 178262001X
• ISBN 13: 9781782620013
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 370
• Herausgeber: Tiwari Atul, Polykarpov Alexander
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: preigu; mail@preigu.de; ; Lengericher Landstr. 19; Osnabrück; 49078; Deutschland