Biomass Sugars for Non-Fuel Applications (RSC Green Chemistry, 44, Band 44) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 178262113X ISBN 13: 9781782621133

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015

Inhaltsangabe

Biomass-derived sugars provide a rich, renewable feedstock for a diverse range of chemicals, making them a promising and feasible source for the sustainable manufacture of a variety of valuable products. Exploring green sugar-based technologies beyond their applications in fuels, this book provides an overview of sugar-based technologies, describing their challenges and opportunities. It covers transformations of sugars into green chemicals in pharmaceuticals, biodegradable polymers and surfactants. A special chapter is dedicated to the conversion of biomass into sugars, which is a crucial step in the sustainable utilization of sugars. The book is a valuable resource for chemists and chemical engineers working to develop greener synthetic routes to chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Dmitry Murzin is Chair of Chemical Technology at Åbo Akademi University. He serves on the editorial boards of several journals in the catalysis and chemical engineering fields, and is an elected member of the Societas Scientiarum Fennica and Svenska Tekniska Vetenskapsakademien i Finland science academies.

Olga Simakova works at Georgia Institute of Technology, where her research focus is on the development of biomass conversion into biofuels via low-temperature catalytic pyrolysis.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

Biomass-derived sugars provide a rich, renewable feedstock for a diverse range of chemicals, making them a promising and feasible source for the sustainable manufacture of a variety of valuable products.

Exploring green sugar-based technologies beyond their applications in fuels, this book provides an overview of sugar-based technologies, describing their challenges and opportunities. It covers transformations of sugars into green chemicals in pharmaceuticals, biodegradable polymers and surfactants. A special chapter is dedicated to the conversion of biomass into sugars, which is a crucial step in the sustainable utilization of sugars. The book is a valuable resource for chemists and chemical engineers working to develop greener synthetic routes to chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Aus dem Klappentext

Biomass-derived sugars provide a rich, renewable feedstock for a diverse range of chemicals, making them a promising and feasible source for the sustainable manufacture of a variety of valuable products.

Exploring green sugar-based technologies beyond their applications in fuels, this book provides an overview of sugar-based technologies, describing their challenges and opportunities. It covers transformations of sugars into green chemicals in pharmaceuticals, biodegradable polymers and surfactants. A special chapter is dedicated to the conversion of biomass into sugars, which is a crucial step in the sustainable utilization of sugars. The book is a valuable resource for chemists and chemical engineers working to develop greener synthetic routes to chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

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Biomass Sugars for Non-Fuel Applications

By Dmitry Murzin, Olga Simakova

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-78262-113-3

Contents

Chapter 1 Conversion of Biomass into Sugars Prasenjit Bhaumik and Paresh Laxmikant Dhepe, 1, 
Chapter 2 Aqueous-phase Reforming of Sugar Derivatives: Challenges and Opportunities T. M. C. Hoang, A. K. K. Vikla and K. Seshan, 54, 
Chapter 3 Catalytic Hydrogenation of Sugars Dmitry Yu Murzin, Angela Duque, Kalle Arve, Victor Sifontes, Atte Aho, Kari Eränen and Tapio Salmi, 89, 
Chapter 4 Advances in Sugar-based Polymers: Xylan and its Derivatives for Surface Modification of Pulp Fibres Beatriz Vega, Olga Grigoray, Jan Gustafsson and Pedro Fardim, 134, 
Chapter 5 Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Sugar-based Surfactants José Kovensky and Eric Grand, 159, 
Chapter 6 Oligosaccharides for Pharmaceutical Applications Jani Rahkila, Tiina Saloranta and Reko Leino, 205, 
Chapter 7 Non-fuel Applications of Sugars in Brazil Peter R. Seidl, Estevão Freire and Suzana Borschiver, 228, 

CHAPTER 1

Conversion of Biomass into Sugars

PRASENJIT BHAUMIK AND PARESH LAXMIKANT DHEPE

1.1 Introduction

In the current circumstances, fossil feedstocks (crude oil, coal and natural gas) are utilized for the synthesis of a range of chemicals and fuels. Yet, their sustainability is at stake due to finite reserves, sporadic prices, volatile geopolitical scenarios and unfavourable effects on the environment (global warming) because of the discharge of a major contributor to the greenhouse gas effect, carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. During World Wars I and II, due to a shortage of crude oil, Germany and a few other countries started extensive research on the production of chemicals and fuels (particularly ethanol and diesel) from alternate sources such as coal and biomass. The world's first ethanol production plant (Skutskär sulfite ethanol plant), based on the sulfite process, was started in 1909 in Sweden. Although a total of 33 plants were started using the same concept in Sweden, since 1983, just one plant has remained operational. After the development of efficient ways throughout the 20th century to explore, extract and process crude oil, research on biomass was decreased. But, following the recent crisis in oil production and for geo-political reasons, there has been a renewed interest in looking for alternative sources for the synthesis of chemicals and fuels. Though, for a long time, Brazil has successfully shown that due to the highest world production of sugarcane (Brazil: 3.3 x 108- 7.7 x 108 ton per year in 2000–2013, World: 1.3 x 109-1.9 x 109 ton per year in 2000-2013), it can produce bio-ethanol from bagasse (sugarcane waste after extracting sugar juice) in large quantities for public distribution to run vehicles. Conversely, in the rest of the world, after numerous deliberations and considering history, recently, it has been suggested that the only alternative and sustainable resource, biomass should be leveraged for the synthesis of chemicals and fuels by developing environmentally benign pathways. Since biomass is renewable, carbon neutral, abundant, locally accessible in most countries and has a lower impact on the environment, it becomes a natural choice as an alternate resource. In recent times, several countries and industries have disclosed their interests in developing methods for the conversion of biomass into known and new chemicals and fuels. Biomass is a non-fossil and is made up of complex molecules present in plants and animals. It is considered as a rich source of organic products, which have a characteristic chemical composition of C, H, O, N. However, until now, much of the work has reported on the conversion of plant-derived biomass into chemicals. Naturally, plant biomass is produced during the photosynthesis pathway using water, carbon dioxide and sunlight and is classified into two categories, namely edible and non-edible, solely based on human consumption ability. For example wheat, rice, corn, potato etc. are made up of a polysaccharide, starch and are considered as edible biomass or a first generation raw material (for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals). Starch is composed of a mixture of linear polysaccharide, amylose (homopolymer of D-glucose linked via a α-1,4 glycosidic bond) and branched polysaccharide, amylopectin (homopolymer of D-glucose linked via a linear α-1,4 glycosidic bond and branched α-1,6 glycosidic bond). Non-edible biomass, for example crop waste or wood, is called lignocellulosic biomass or lignocelluloses and is considered as a second generation raw material. Lignocelluloses have a composition of ca. 45% cellulose (homopolymer or homopolysaccharide of D-glucose linked via a β-1,4 glycosidic bond), ca. 25% hemicellulose (heteropolymer or heteropolysaccharide of several C5 and C6 sugars linked via various bonds), ca. 20% lignin (amorphous 3D network polymer of several aromatic monomers), some macro and micro nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, boron, zinc, chloride and molybdenum) and extractives (fats, fatty acids, resins, tannins, volatile oils, proteins etc.). Typically, saccharides or carbohydrates (hydrates of carbon) have a molecular formula of Cm(H2O)n, where m and n are almost same. For instance, a simple monosaccharide, glucose has a molecular formula of C6H12O6 while deoxyribose has a molecular formula of C5H10O4. This makes saccharides rich in oxygen content with an O/C ratio of ca. 1 and a H/C ratio of 2. Usually, during the formation of disaccharides or polysaccharides for example cellobiose (glucose dimer or disaccharide) with a molecular weight of 342 and cellulose (glucose polysaccharide) with per unit of glucose molecular weight of 162, loss of one mole of water (H2O) with a molecular formula of 18 per two moles of monosaccharides is essential. Hence, the O/C ratio in cellulose and hemicellulose (lignocelluloses) has a slightly lower value (ca. 0.8). Nevertheless, for a chemical to be used as a fuel or fuel additive, its O/C ratio should be low (biodiesel: ca. 0.1, ethanol: 0.5). Consequently, conversions of saccharides into fuels or fuel additive necessitates extra processing for the reduction in O/C ratio. At the same time, conversions of saccharides into chemicals (sugars and its derivatives) for non-fuel applications exempt the extra process of decreasing the O/C ratio. Hence, it is apparent that lignocelluloses should be used for chemical production. Moreover, economic analysis suggests that while lignocelluloses are obtainable at a price of $50 per ton, glucose has a market price of $450–650 per ton and xylose has a market price of $1000–2500 per ton. Further conversion of these monosaccharides (sugars) into various chemicals such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) ($300 000–350 000 per ton), furfural ($2500–3000 per ton), sorbitol ($500–700 per ton) and xylitol ($1000–3000 per ton) adds value to these sugars. Hence, it is understandable that suitable transformations of starch, cellulose and hemicellulose to various sugars (C6 and C5) via hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds present in polysaccharides are economical. Nevertheless, use of a first generation biomass (polysaccharide), starch for obtaining sugars as platform chemicals to produce a variety of other essential chemicals is a debatable issue since it is...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2015
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 178262113X
• ISBN 13: 9781782621133
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 265
• Herausgeber: Murzin Dmitry, Simakova Olga
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: preigu; mail@preigu.de; ; Lengericher Landstr. 19; Osnabrück; 49078; Deutschland