Airborne Particulate Matter: Sources, Atmospheric Processes and Health (Issues in Environmental Science and Technology) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1782624910 ISBN 13: 9781782624912

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016

Inhaltsangabe

The estimated health impacts and associated economic costs resulting from airborne particulate matter are substantial. Exposure to airborne fine particles ranks highly amongst preventable causes of disease. This book reviews the sources and atmospheric processes affecting airborne particulate matter and consequent impacts upon human health. Examining the latest information on the sources of particles in the atmosphere, both through direct emissions and atmospheric formation, the book also explores the methods which are used to estimate the contributions of different sources to airborne concentrations. Featuring case studies from recent assessments in Europe, the USA, China and India, the book provides a global overview of source apportionment. The health effects are reviewed in the context of the influence of sources, chemical composition and particle size upon relative toxicity. This comprehensive book is an important reference for policymakers and consultants working with pollution and human health, as well as academics working in atmospheric chemistry.

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The series has been edited by Professors Hester and Harrison since it began in 1994.

Roy Harrison OBE is Queen Elizabeth II Birmingham Centenary Professor of Environmental Health at the University of Birmingham. In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science. Professor Harrison’s research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.
 
Ron Hester is an emeritus professor of chemistry at the University of York. In addition to his research work on a wide range of applications of vibrational spectroscopy, he has been actively involved in environmental chemistry and was a founder member of the Royal Society of Chemistry’s Environment Group. His current activities are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor on courses, individual promotions, and departmental/subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.

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The estimated health impacts and associated economic costs resulting from airborne particulate matter are substantial. Exposure to airborne fine particles ranks highly amongst preventable causes of disease. This book reviews the sources and atmospheric processes affecting airborne particulate matter and consequent impacts upon human health.

Examining the latest information on the sources of particles in the atmosphere, both through direct emissions and atmospheric formation, the book also explores the methods which are used to estimate the contributions of different sources to airborne concentrations. Featuring case studies from recent assessments in Europe, the USA, China and India, the book provides a global overview of source apportionment. The health effects are reviewed in the context of the influence of sources, chemical composition and particle size upon relative toxicity.

This comprehensive book is an important reference for policymakers and consultants working with pollution and human health, as well as academics working in atmospheric chemistry.

Aus dem Klappentext

The estimated health impacts and associated economic costs resulting from airborne particulate matter are substantial. Exposure to airborne fine particles ranks highly amongst preventable causes of disease. This book reviews the sources and atmospheric processes affecting airborne particulate matter and consequent impacts upon human health.

Examining the latest information on the sources of particles in the atmosphere, both through direct emissions and atmospheric formation, the book also explores the methods which are used to estimate the contributions of different sources to airborne concentrations. Featuring case studies from recent assessments in Europe, the USA, China and India, the book provides a global overview of source apportionment. The health effects are reviewed in the context of the influence of sources, chemical composition and particle size upon relative toxicity.

This comprehensive book is an important reference for policymakers and consultants working with pollution and human health, as well as academics working in atmospheric chemistry.

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Airborne Particulate Matter

Sources, Atmospheric Processes and Health

By R.E. Hester, R. M. Harrison, X. Querol

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-78262-491-2

Contents

Editors, xiii, 
List of Contributors, xv, 
Emissions of Primary Particulate Matter M. Guevara, 1, 
Where Did This Particle Come From? Sources of Particle Number and Mass for Human Exposure Estimates Neil M. Donahue, Laura N. Posner, Daniel M. Westervelt, Zhongju Li, Manish Shrivastava, Albert A. Presto, Ryan C. Sullivan, Peter J. Adams, Spyros N. Pandis and Allen L. Robinson, 35, 
Source Apportionment: Principles and Methods J. G. Watson, J. C. Chow, L.-W. A. Chen, G. Engling and X. L. Wang, 72, 
Case Studies of Source Apportionment from North America Philip K. Hopke, 126, 
Case Studies of Source Apportionment and Suggested Measures at Southern European Cities F. Amato, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava, G. Calzolai, A. Karanasiou, C. Colombi, V. L. Gianelle, C. Alves, D. Custodio, K. Eleftheriadis, E. Diapouli, C. Reche, A. Alastuey, M. C. Minguillon, M. Severi, S. Becagli, T. Nunes, M. Cerqueira, C. Pio, M. Manousakas, T. Maggos, S. Vratolis, R. M. Harrison and X. Querol, 168, 
PM10 Source Apportionment in Five North Western European Cities — Outcome of the Joaquin Project Dennis Mooibroek, Jeroen Staelens, Rebecca Cordell, Pavlos Panteliadis, Tiphaine Delaunay, Ernie Weijers, Jordy Vercauteren, Ronald Hoogerbrugge, Marieke Dijkema, Paul S. Monks and Edward Roekens 264, 
PM2.5 Source Apportionment in China Mei Zheng, Caiqing Yan and Xiaoying Li, 293, 
Case Studies of Source Apportionment from the Indian Sub-continent Mukesh Khare and Isha Khanna, 315, 
Health Effects of Airborne Particles in Relation to Composition, Size and Source Frank J. Kelly and Julia C. Fussell, 344, 
Subject Index, 383, 

CHAPTER 1

Emissions of Primary Particulate Matter

M. GUEVARA

ABSTRACT

Particulate matter (PM) accounts for a complex group of air pollutants with properties and impacts that vary according to its composition and size. The emission rates, size and composition of primary PM emissions are challenging to determine since they depend not only on the sector considered, but also on the fuel properties, technology and other characteristics of the emission process. At the European level, fine carbonaceous particles are generally the dominant components of primary PM emissions, the most important sources of organic and black carbon being residential biomass combustion and diesel vehicle engines, respectively. On the other hand, soil particles generated by wind erosion processes, traffic resuspension, mining and construction operations, and agricultural land management activities are large contributors to the coarse fraction of primary PM emissions. European PM emissions are decreasing as a result of implemented EU legislation mainly focused on road transport and large point sources. Nevertheless, emissions released by residential solid fuel appliances have been increasing due to a lack of regulations, a tendency that is expected to change with the eco-design directive. The decrease of traffic PM exhaust emissions has also increased the importance of traffic non-exhaust emissions, a major source of metals in urban areas.

1 Introduction

Particulate matter (PM) is a generic term used to describe a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets (aerosols) that vary in size and composition, depending on the location and time (Table 1).

PM is made up of a large number of components, including elemental or black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) compounds, sulfate (SO4-2), nitrate (NO3-), trace metals, crustal material (i.e. soil particles) and sea salt. PM also comes in a wide range of sizes and includes PM with diameter less than or equal to 10 µm (PM10), PM with diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5), also denoted as fine particles, PM with diameter less than or equal to 0.1 pm (PM), also denoted as ultrafine particles (UFP), and PM with diameter less than or equal to 0.05 µm (PM0.05), also denoted as nanoparticles.

In terms of source of origin, PM can be directly emitted from anthropogenic (man-made) or natural sources (i.e. primary PM), or formed in the atmosphere from a series of gaseous combustion by-products such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), oxides of sulfur (SOx) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) (i.e. secondary PM). Primary PM originates predominantly from combustion (e.g. vehicle engines) and high-temperature processes (e.g. smelting and welding industrial operations), as well as from mechanical disruption processes and man- or wind-induced events causing suspension of particles (e.g. traffic resuspension of street dust). On the other hand, secondary PM is formed by gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere and/or condensation of gaseous compounds on pre-existing aerosol particles, mainly involving NOx, SOx, NH3 and VOCs, which may react with O3, •OH and other reactive molecules forming secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA).

Unlike other pollutants, such as SO2 or NH3, PM describes a complex group of air pollutants with properties and impacts that vary according to their composition and size. For instance, BC is linked to a range of climate impacts (e.g. increased temperatures) owing to its capability of directly absorbing light, reducing the albedo of snow and ice and interacting with clouds. On the other hand, several European cohort studies have reported that short- and long-term exposure to PM2.5 is associated with a number of health risks, such as lung cancer. The results of these studies have formed the basis for the International Research Agency on Cancer (IARC) to classify PM as carcinogenic to human beings (Group 1).

The main objective of the present chapter is to describe and analyse the main factors that characterize European primary PM emissions, including: main sources of origin, size distribution and chemical composition (speciation), current emission inventories, trends and regulations, and mitigation measures. Despite having a significant contribution to ambient particle concentrations, secondary PM is not considered in the present chapter. The complexity of the atmospheric aerosol processes and other factors (e.g. precursor gases) influencing its formation suggest the need for treating it separately in a more extensive study.

Section 2 of this chapter lists and describes the main anthropogenic and natural emission sources that contribute to total PM emissions in Europe. In Sections 3 and 4 a thorough analysis of the size distribution and speciation of PM emissions is conducted, respectively. Section 5 describes the main European PM emission inventories currently used, while Section 6 performs an analysis of PM trends in Europe. Finally, Section 7 focuses on current regulations and mitigation measures that affect PM emissions.

2 Source Categories

Primary PM is derived from a wide range of sources (both natural and anthropogenic), the contribution of each one varying with the location, season and time of day (Figure 1).

This section introduces and describes the sources that currently present the most significant contributions to European PM emissions.

2.1 Residential Combustion

Recently, interest has grown in biomass combustion as an environmentally friendly way of...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2016
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1782624910
• ISBN 13: 9781782624912
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 200
• Herausgeber: Harrison R. M., Hester R. E., Querol Xavier
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: preigu; mail@preigu.de; ; Lengericher Landstr. 19; Osnabrück; 49078; Deutschland