Lignin Valorization: Emerging Approaches (Energy and Environment Series, 19, Band 19) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1782625542 ISBN 13: 9781782625544

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018

Inhaltsangabe

Lignin, an aromatic biopolymer found in plant cell walls, is a key component of lignocellulosic biomass and generally utilized for heat and power. However, lignin’s chemical composition makes it an attractive source for biological and catalytic conversion to fuels and chemicals. Bringing together experts from biology, catalysis, engineering, analytical chemistry, and techno-economic/life-cycle analysis, Lignin Valorization presents a comprehensive, interdisciplinary picture of how lignocellulosic biorefineries could potentially employ lignin valorization technologies.

Chapters will specifically focus on the production of fuels and chemicals from lignin and topics covered include (i) methods for isolating lignin in the context of the lignocellulosic biorefinery, (ii) thermal, chemo-catalytic, and biological methods for lignin depolymerization, (iii) chemo-catalytic and biological methods for upgrading lignin, (iv) characterization of lignin, and (v) techno-economic and life-cycle analysis of integrated processes to utilize lignin in an integrated biorefinery.

The book provides the latest breakthroughs and challenges in upgrading lignin to fuels and chemicals for graduate students and researchers in academia, governmental laboratories, and industry interested in biomass conversion.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Gregg T Beckham is a Senior Engineer in the National Bioenergy Center at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA.

Gregg T Beckham is a Senior Engineer in the National Bioenergy Center at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

Lignin, an aromatic biopolymer found in plant cell walls, is a key component of lignocellulosic biomass and generally utilized for heat and power. However, lignin s chemical composition makes it an attractive source for biological and catalytic conversion to fuels and chemicals. Bringing together experts from biology, catalysis, engineering, analytical chemistry, and techno-economic/life-cycle analysis, Lignin Valorization presents a comprehensive, interdisciplinary picture of how lignocellulosic biorefineries could potentially employ lignin valorization technologies.

Chapters will specifically focus on the production of fuels and chemicals from lignin and topics covered include (i) methods for isolating lignin in the context of the lignocellulosic biorefinery, (ii) thermal, chemo-catalytic, and biological methods for lignin depolymerization, (iii) chemo-catalytic and biological methods for upgrading lignin, (iv) characterization of lignin, and (v) techno-economic and life-cycle analysis of integrated processes to utilize lignin in an integrated biorefinery.

The book provides the latest breakthroughs and challenges in upgrading lignin to fuels and chemicals for graduate students and researchers in academia, governmental laboratories, and industry interested in biomass conversion.

Aus dem Klappentext

Lignin, an aromatic biopolymer found in plant cell walls, is a key component of lignocellulosic biomass and generally utilized for heat and power. However, lignin s chemical composition makes it an attractive source for biological and catalytic conversion to fuels and chemicals. Bringing together experts from biology, catalysis, engineering, analytical chemistry, and techno-economic/life-cycle analysis, Lignin Valorization presents a comprehensive, interdisciplinary picture of how lignocellulosic biorefineries could potentially employ lignin valorization technologies.

Chapters will specifically focus on the production of fuels and chemicals from lignin and topics covered include (i) methods for isolating lignin in the context of the lignocellulosic biorefinery, (ii) thermal, chemo-catalytic, and biological methods for lignin depolymerization, (iii) chemo-catalytic and biological methods for upgrading lignin, (iv) characterization of lignin, and (v) techno-economic and life-cycle analysis of integrated processes to utilize lignin in an integrated biorefinery.

The book provides the latest breakthroughs and challenges in upgrading lignin to fuels and chemicals for graduate students and researchers in academia, governmental laboratories, and industry interested in biomass conversion.

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Lignin Valorization

Emerging Approaches

By Gregg T. Beckham

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-78262-554-4

Contents

Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to Lignin Structure Rui Katahira, Thomas J. Elder and Gregg T. Beckham, 1, 
Chapter 2 Lignin Isolation Methodology for Biorefining, Pretreatment and Analysis Joseph J. Bozell, Stephen E. Chmely, William Hartwig, Rebecca Key, Nicole Labbé, Preenaa Venugopal and Ernesto Zuleta, 21, 
Chapter 3 Lessons Learned from 150 Years of Pulping Wood Carl Houtman, 62, 
Chapter 4 Thermal and Solvolytic Depolymerization Approaches for Lignin Depolymerization and Upgrading Anders Jensen, Joachim Bachmann Nielsen, Anker Degn Jensen and Claus Felby, 74, 
Chapter 5 Early-stage Conversion of Lignin over Hydrogenation Catalysts Roberto Rinaldi, 108, 
Chapter 6 Oxidative Valorization of Lignin Ruoshui Ma, Mond Guo and Xiao Zhang, 128, 
Chapter 7 Catalytic Conversion of Lignin-derived Aromatic Compounds into Chemicals Christopher S. Lancefield, Bert. M. Weckhuysen and Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx, 159, 
Chapter 8 Biological Lignin Degradation A. T. Martínez, S. Camarero, F. J. Ruiz-Dueñas and M. J. Martínez, 199, 
Chapter 9 Bacterial Enzymes for the Cleavage of Lignin ß-Aryl Ether Bonds: Properties and Applications Yudai Higuchi, Kenji Takahashi, Naofumi Kamimura and Eiji Masai, 226, 
Chapter 10 Using Aerobic Pathways for Aromatic Compound Degradation to Engineer Lignin Metabolism Sarah C. Seaton and Ellen L. Neidle, 252, 
Chapter 11 Biological Funneling as a Means of Transforming Lignin-derived Aromatic Compounds into Value-added Chemicals Lindsay D. Eltis and Rahul Singh, 290, 
Chapter 12 Systems Biology Analyses of Lignin Conversion Zhi-Hua Liu and Joshua S. Yuan, 314, 
Chapter 13 Anaerobic Pathways for the Catabolism of Aromatic Compounds G. Durante-Rodríguez, H. Gómez-Álvarez, B. Blázquez, H. Fernández-Llamosas, Z. Martín-Moldes, D. Sanz, J. Nogales, M. Carmona and E. Díaz, 333, 
Chapter 14 Biogas Production from Lignin via Anaerobic Digestion Daniel Girma Mulat and Svein Jarle Horn, 391, 
Chapter 15 Lignin Analytics Heiko Lange, Paola Giannì and Claudia Crestini, 413, 
Chapter 16 Lignin Visualization: Advanced Microscopy Techniques for Lignin Characterization Yining Zeng and Bryon S. Donohoe, 477, 
Chapter 17 Adding Value to the Biorefinery with Lignin: An Engineer's Perspective Mary J. Biddy, 499, 
Subject Index, 519, 

CHAPTER 1

A Brief Introduction to Lignin Structure

RUI KATAHIRA, THOMAS J. ELDER AND GREGG T. BECKHAM

1.1 Introduction

Lignocellulosic biomass is a vast resource for the sustainable production of renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials for mankind. Biomass, especially wood, has been used for millennia as a building and construction material for myriad applications and a source for heat as a fuel. The majority of mass in plants is in the cell walls, which are primarily composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin along with the alkylaromatic heteropolymer lignin. The three basic building blocks of lignin, p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol, are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway in plants and differ in their extent of methoxylation (0, 1, and 2, respectively). Lignin is synthesized via enzymatic dehydrogenation of these monomers, which form both C–O and C–C bonds, leading to a heterogeneous structure and a three-dimensional structure. As discussed briefly below, additional components of lignin such as hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids further complicate the structure and decorate the aromatic heteropolymer with additional linkages and chemical functionality.

Although under development for at least the last century, the conversion of biomass polysaccharides into fuels and chemicals has especially gained substantial momentum in the past several decades, primarily motivated by the potential to offset petroleum usage with a renewable, sustainable feedstock and to reduce associated global greenhouse gas emissions. For fuels production, the primary biorefinery models examined to date have adopted a strategy to utilize thermochemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis to produce pentose and hexose sugars for subsequent fermentation to ethanol using natural or engineered yeast or bacterial strains. Enormous technical diversity exists around this biomass deconstruction paradigm with many different thermochemical deconstruction/pretreatment strategies being pursued, including (but not limited to) the use of acid, base, hot water, steam, organic solvents, and ionic liquids. Industrial enzyme systems to date have primarily focused on the use of carbohydrate-active enzymes from cellulolytic fungi and anaerobic rumen bacteria, but the rise of the (meta)genomics-enabled science has rapidly accelerated the discovery of new polysaccharide deconstruction paradigms and individual enzymes. Both thermochemical and enzymatic polysaccharide deconstruction approaches remain highly pursued areas of research.

Lignin, conversely, is typically relegated for heat and power due to its inherent heterogeneity and recalcitrance. However, techno-economic analysis of lignocellulosic biorefineries is revealing that lignin utilization is a crucial component of integrated biorefineries, and thus new strategies for lignin must be developed. As such, many new discoveries and developments are emerging in the past decade regarding lignin utilization, especially given significant government and industrial funding in large consortia and centers throughout the world. This book brings together world-leading experts in lignin utilization to present and review the most recent discoveries in lignin valorization to highlight opportunities going forward to utilize lignin more efficiently and sustainably. Emphasis is placed on very recent, emerging topics in chemical and biological catalysis for lignin valorization. This introductory chapter primarily focuses on the chemical aspects of lignin structure, as a preface to the subsequent chapters.

1.2 Lignin Structure

Lignin is a polyphenolic material and one of the main components in the plant cell wall. Its biosynthesis occurs through enzymatic dehydrogenation of three phenylpropanoid monomers, p-coumaryl alcohol (2), coniferyl alcohol (3), and sinapyl alcohol (4) (Figure 1.1). Phenoxyl radials generated from these three monolignols are randomly polymerized to produce a biopolymer with a three-dimensional network. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of isolated lignin (milled wood lignin) is 6700, 14 900, and 23 500 Da from Eucalyptus globulus, Southern pine, and Norway spruce, respectively, with the molecular weight of lignin varying widely with isolation method. Lignin contents, as measured by the Klason method, are 25–35% in softwood, 20–25% in hardwood, and 15–25% in herbaceous plants. In the cell wall of a hardwood, lignin deposition starts from the middle lamella, then in a primary wall and S1 layer in the secondary wall. Subsequently, lignin is located in the S2 and S3 layers.

An understanding of the chemical structure of lignin is critical for developing robust and effective lignin valorization processes. In past decades, many lignin chemists have studied and developed methods for the determination, isolation from biomass,...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2018
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1782625542
• ISBN 13: 9781782625544
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 481
• Herausgeber: Beckham Gregg T.
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar