Population Change in the United Kingdom - Softcover

Champion, Pro Prof. Tony

Softcover

ISBN 10: 1783485922 ISBN 13: 9781783485925

Verlag: Rli, 2016

Inhaltsangabe

This book documents the fundamental transformations of the Uk's population that have major implications for the economy, society, politics and environment.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Tony Champion is Emeritus Professor of Population Geography at Newcastle University and has a long-standing interest in spatial patterns of population and migration. He was President of the British Society for Population Studies in 2013-15.

Jane Falkingham is Professor of Demography and International Social Policy at the University of Southampton and Director of the ESRC Centre for Population Change whose remit is to 'improve our understanding of the drivers and consequences of populations change'. She is the current (2015-17) BSPS President.

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Population Change in the United Kingdom

By Tony Champion, Jane Falkingham

Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd.

Copyright © 2016 Tony Champion and Jane Falkingham
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-78348-592-5

Contents

List of Figures, vii, 
List of Tables, xi, 
Foreword by Professor Sir Ian Diamond, xiii, 
Preface, xv, 
1 Population Change in the UK: What Can the Last Twenty-Five Years Tell Us about the Next Twenty-Five Years? Jane Falkingham and Tony Champion, 1, 
2 The Ageing Population: Implications for Health and Social Care Maria Evandrou, Jane Falkingham and Athina Vlachantoni, 15, 
3 Inequalities in the Experience of Later Life: Differentials in Health, Wealth and Well-Being Alan Marshall and James Nazroo, 29, 
4 International Migration and Asylum Seekers Jakub Bijak, George Disney, Sarah Lubman and Arkadiusz Wisniowski, 47, 
5 Immigrants and Ethnic Fertility Convergence Sylvie Dubuc, 65, 
6 Children's Changing Family Context Ursula Henz, 85, 
7 Household Composition and Housing Need Ann Berrington and Ludi Simpson, 105, 
8 Internal Migration and the Spatial Distribution of Population Tony Champion, 125, 
9 Ethnic Diversity Nissa Finney and Gemma Catney, 143, 
10 Reproductive and Sexual Behaviour and Health Ernestina Coast and Emily Freeman, 167, 
11 The Changing Geography of Deprivation in Britain, 1971-2011 and Beyond Paul Norman, 193, 
Bibliography, 215, 
Index, 251, 
List of Contributors, 257, 

CHAPTER 1

Population Change in the UK: What Can the Last Twenty-Five Years Tell Us about the Next Twenty-Five Years?

Jane Falkingham and Tony Champion

The population of the UK is undergoing some fundamental transformations that have major implications in key areas of the economy, society, politics and environment. The population is currently increasing in size at a faster rate than for several decades, it is growing progressively older and it is becoming more diverse in ethnic and cultural terms. More school leavers are continuing into higher education, sexual behaviour has altered enormously, cohabitation has been replacing marriage, more children are living in one-parent families or with a step-parent, young adults are finding it harder to get on the housing ladder and to establish their own household, and more women are delaying having children until their late thirties and forties. Many cities have seen population resurgence, but there are still pressures on the countryside, the north-south divide is as great as ever and socioeconomic disparities between individuals and communities are widening. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the key changes in the size and composition of the population of the UK and of its four constituent countries over the last quarter of a century since the publication of The Changing Population of Britain (Joshi, 1989a), and then looks forward to speculate about what the next twenty-five years might have in store.

POPULATION GROWTH AND THE DRIVERS OF POPULATION CHANGE

Over the past fifty years, the population of the UK has increased by over ten million, from 54 million in 1964 to reach 64.6 million in 2014 (ONS, 2015a). Across this period, however, growth rates have been very uneven, as shown in Figure 1.1. From a high of 0.68 per cent per annum in 1964, reflecting the peak of the 1960s baby boom, over the next decade growth rates fell consistently (with the exception of 1971), and by 1975 annual growth was negative. The UK population actually declined in size between 1975 and 1978, and although positive rates of growth returned, this was short-lived, with 1982 witnessing negative growth of -0.12 per cent per annum, the biggest fall in the postwar period. Population growth rates picked up again in the mid-1980s and then remained fairly stable until the end of the 1990s, at around 0.2 to 0.3 per cent per annum. The dawn of the new millennium marked a change in gear, and growth rates doubled from 0.34 per cent in 2000 to 0.68 per cent in 2006, peaking at 0.82 per cent in 2008 and 0.84 per cent in 2011. Interestingly, although the annual growth rate of the population in the UK in 2014 is very similar to the level witnessed fifty years previously, the drivers behind this current growth are quite different.

The three demographic processes of fertility, mortality and migration determine the size, composition and distribution of a population. Figure 1.2 shows the trend in the annual number of births and deaths in the UK over the past half century. The number of births peaked in 1964 at just over one million and then fell to a low of 657,000 in 1977, when the number of births was almost exactly matched by the number of deaths, resulting in zero rates of natural increase (i.e., births minus deaths) in the population. Although there was then a slight rise in the number of births, reflecting the fact that those women and men born in the 1960s were now starting to form their own families, the annual number of births did not exceed eight hundred thousand throughout the 1980s and 1990s. During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the growth rates in Figure 1.1 almost exactly track the changes in the number of births in Figure 1.2. Thus, at the time of the publication of the Changing Population of Britain in 1989, it was principally the rate of natural increase (or the lack thereof) that had determined the rate of population growth for the preceding three decades.

The higher growth rate in recent years has been fuelled by a combination of accelerating natural increase and stronger net immigration from abroad, as shown in Figure 1.3. The annual number of births grew steadily from 679,000 in 2000 to nearly 813,000 in 2012, whilst the number of deaths reduced from 610,500 in 2000 to 570,300 in 2014, giving a much more positive rate of natural increase than for any period since the 1960s (Figure 1.2). Meanwhile, net inward migration added an average of over 240,000 persons per year to the UK population between 2004 and 2014. ONS's estimates of Long Term International Migration (LTIM) show that net migration stood at 336,000 in the year ending June 2015, up from 254,000 in the previous year (ONS, 2015b). EU citizens accounted for 42 per cent of the gross immigration to the UK in 2015, with non-EU citizens comprising 45 per cent and returning British citizens the remaining 13 per cent. The increase in net migration in the mid-2000s was fuelled by the arrival in the UK of migrants from the EU A8 accession countries, most notably Poland, whilst the recent increase in EU immigration in 2014 to 2015 has been partly driven by EU2 (Bulgaria and Romania) citizens. As documented in more detail in Chapter 4 by Jakub Bijak and his colleagues, the majority of these immigrants are in their twenties and thirties and thus of prime reproduction age, so the indirect effect on the size of the population is even greater through their additional contribution to the number of births. Recent data show that around a quarter of all live births in England and Wales in 2014 were to mothers born outside the UK (ONS, 2015c; see also Chapter 5 by Sylvie Dubuc).

The four constituent countries of the UK have not experienced equal population growth. Between 2013 and 2014, whilst the UK as a whole grew by 0.77 per cent, Wales grew by just 0.31 per cent, Scotland by 0.37 per cent and Northern Ireland by 0.59 per cent, with England being the fastest growing at 0.84 per cent. At the regional level within England, the growth rate was highest in London, at 1.45 per cent, followed by the East and South East, at 1.08 per cent and...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Rli
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2016
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1783485922
• ISBN 13: 9781783485925
• Einband: Taschenbuch
• Anzahl der Seiten: 276
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: gpsr@libri.de; gpsr@libri.de; ; Friedensallee 273; Hamburg; 22763; Deutschland