Tourism, Recreation and Climate Change (Aspects of Tourism, 22) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1845410041 ISBN 13: 9781845410049

Verlag: Channel View Publications, 2005

Inhaltsangabe

Climate change is one of the major issues facing us today and has been described as a threat greater than terrorism. As the world's largest industry tourism both contributes to and will be dramatically affected by climate change. This is the first comprehensive book-level examination of the relationship between tourism and climate change, of interest not only to students of tourism but to policy makers and the industry who will have to respond to the challenges posed.

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Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Colin Michael Hall is PhD from the University of Western Australia and previous positions at the University of Canberra, University of New England, Massey University and the University of Otago. Currently co-editor of Current Issues in Tourism and Professor, University of Canterbury; Docent, University of Oulu; Visiting Professor, Linnaeus University; and Senior Research Fellow, University of Johannesburg.

James Higham holds the position of Professor of Tourism, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, and Visiting Professor of Sustainable Tourism, University of Stavanger, Norway. His research is situated in the broad field of tourism and global environmental change, which in recent years has focused on climate change, tourist behaviour and transitions to a low-carbon future.

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Tourism, Recreation and Climate Change

By C. Michael Hall, James Higham

Multilingual Matters

Copyright © 2005 C. Michael Hall, James Higham and the authors of individual chapters
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84541-004-9

Contents

List of Contributors, 
Preface, 
Part 1: Context, 
1 Introduction: Tourism, Recreation and Climate Change C. Michael Hall and James Higham, 
2 The Climate-Tourism Relationship and its Relevance to Climate Change Impact Assessment C.R. de Freitas, 
3 The Evolution of the Climate Change Issue in the Tourism Sector Daniel Scott, Geoff Wall and Geoff McBoyle, 
Part 2: The Effects of Climate Change on Tourist Flows and Recreation Patterns, 
4 Climate and Policy Changes: Their Implications for International Tourism Flows Sue Mather, David Viner and Graham Todd, 
5 The Mediterranean: How Can the World's Most Popular and Successful Tourist Destination Adapt to a Changing Climate? Allen Perry, 
6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tourism under the Light of Equity Issues Ghislain Dubois and Jean-Paul Ceron, 
7 Climate Change and Tourism and Recreation in North America: Exploring Regional Risks and Opportunities Daniel Scott, Geoff Wall and Geoff McBoyle, 
8 Nature Tourism and Climatic Change in Southern Africa R.A. Preston-Whyte and H.K. Watson, 
9 Changing Snow Cover and Winter Tourism and Recreation in the Scottish Highlands S.J. Harrison, S.J. Winterbottom and R.C. Johnson, 
10 Climate Change and Tourism in the Swiss Alps Rolf Bürki, Hans Elsasser, Bruno Abegg and Urs Koenig, 
11 Effects of Climate Change on Tourism Demand and Benefits in Alpine Areas Robert B. Richardson and John B. Loomis, 
12 Implications of Climate Change on Tourism in Oceania Stephen Craig-Smith and Lisa Ruhanen, 
13 Tourism, Fossil Fuel Consumption and the Impact on the Global Climate Susanne Becken and David G. Simmons, 
Part 3: Adaptation and Response: Managing the Relationship Between Tourism, Recreation and Global Climate Change, 
14 Tourism and Climate Change Adaptation: The Norwegian Case Carlo Aall and Karl G. Høyer, 
15 Tourism and the Ozone Hole: Varying Perceptions L. Michael Trapasso, 
16 'Everyone Talks About the Weather ...' Keith Dewar, 
17 Climate Change, Leisure-related Tourism and Global Transport Paul Peeters, 
18 Sustainable Mobility and Sustainable Tourism Karl G. Høyer and Carlo Aall, 
19 Tourism as Victim, Problem or Solution: Story Lines of a Complex Industry–Environment Relation Lotta Frändberg, 
20 Tourism's Contribution to Global Environmental Change: Space, Energy, Disease, Water Stefan Gössling, 
21 Making Tourism Sustainable: The Real Challenge of Climate Change? James Higham and C. Michael Hall, 
Index, 

CHAPTER 1

Introduction: Tourism, Recreation and Climate Change

C. MICHAEL HALL AND JAMES HIGHAM

In my view, climate change is the most severe problem we are facing today, more serious even than the threat of terrorism – David King, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Government. (King, 2004: 176) Human-induced changes in the global climate system and in stratospheric ozone pose a range of severe health risks and potentially threaten economic development and social and political stability – Declaration of the Third Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, 1999. (WHO, Regional Office for Europe, Global Change and Health, http://www.euro.who.int/globalchange)

It is one of the great truisms that everybody talks about the weather. However, in recent years, interest in the weather has grown as high magnitude storm events, floods, droughts, snowstorms and record high temperatures have become associated with potential changes in the world's climate. For example, the record high temperatures experienced in Europe in the northern hemisphere summer of 2003 focused enormous attention on climate-related issues. Paris experienced the highest night-time temperatures ever recorded on 11 and 12 August (25.5C), and several countries, including Belgium, Finland, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, also experienced record temperatures. The heatwave was unusual in that it affected several countries and persisted for at least ten days; in fact the whole northern summer (June, July, August) was much hotter than usual (Schär et al., 2004; see also Perry, Chapter 5, this volume).

In France the Minister for the Elderly admitted that 10,000 people had most likely died because of the heatwave. In the last week of August, President Jacques Chirac addressed the nation saying that weaknesses in the French health system had contributed to these heat-related deaths. Despite similar heatwave conditions in the United Kingdom, with temperatures peaking on 10 August in Bogdale, near Faversham, Kent, where 38.5C (101.3F) was recorded, the British government response was much more low key. However, in October 2003 official figures released by the Office of National Statistics (ONS) suggested that the death toll in England and Wales as a result of the ten-day heatwave in August 2003 may have been around 2000 people, which was much higher than those admitted at the time. According to the ONS between 4 and 13 August there were 15,187 deaths in England and Wales, 2045 above the average for the previous five years. In commenting on the ONS figures Carvel (2003: 10) said: 'Although the statisticians were not yet able to provide an analysis of the ages of the victims and causes of death, it seemed almost certain that extreme heat was the reason for the higher mortality.' Indeed, more recent preliminary estimates of the impact of the European heatwave on mortality suggest that in England and Wales 2045 or 16% excess deaths occurred, in France 14,802 deaths (60%), Italy 3134 deaths (15%) and Portugal 2099 deaths (26%) (Kovats et al., 2004). While reaction to the heatwave from European governments raised substantial issues regarding government preparedness for such extreme climate events in relation to public health, the forest and scrub fires in Portugal, Spain and France also created a powerful image in the media of the impacts of such heatwaves on the landscape. As Jose Manuel Durao Barroso, the Portuguese Prime Minister, stated, 'We are standing before a tragedy which is unprecedented in Portugal in terms of fires ... We are facing an exceptional situation. It's been brought about by absolutely exceptional weather conditions, so we have to respond with exceptional measures' (BBC News, 2003). Arguably, the impacts of the 2003 heatwave on European perceptions of climate were even more stark because of the comparisons that could be made with the floods that affected central Europe the previous year (BBC News, 2002).

Given this kind of context it should therefore be of no great surprise that prospects of climate change have become the focus of media attention as well as substantial scientific debate (e.g. O'Riordan and Jäger, 1996; Houghton, 1997; Jepma & Mohan, 1998; Mendlesohn, 1999; Drake, 2000; Harvey, 2000; Sarewitz & Pielke Jr, 2000; Claussen, 2002; King, 2003). The extent of media coverage of global climate change issues is illustrated in Table 1.1, which shows major stories on climate change reported in the Guardian and Observer newspapers at the end of 2003/beginning of 2004. While undoubtedly highlighting the range of issues associated with global climate change and some of the policy debates that surround them, the newspaper reports also begin to indicate the potential role of the...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Channel View Publications
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2005
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1845410041
• ISBN 13: 9781845410049
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 324
• Herausgeber: Hall C. Michael, Higham James
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: preigu GmbH & Co. KG; mail@preigu.de; ; Lengericher Landstr. 19; Osnabrück; Niedersachsen; 49078; Deutschland