Responsible Rural Tourism in Asia (Aspects of Tourism, 89) - Softcover

Softcover

ISBN 10: 184541117X ISBN 13: 9781845411176

Verlag: Channel View Publications, 2024

Inhaltsangabe

The rural tourism sector has become a key driver for social and economic growth and a major source of income for developing and low-income countries in many parts of Asia. Rural tourism is progressively viewed as a solution, increasing the economic viability of marginalised areas, stimulating social regeneration and improving the living conditions of rural communities. Responsible rural tourism promotes conservation of the natural environment, protects the authenticity of culture, and offers socioeconomic opportunities and benefits for local communities. This book encompasses case studies from a range of Asian countries and examines both successful and failed attempts in developing responsible rural tourism, and the learnings that we can adopt and adapt for future responsible rural tourism in the region. It will be of interest to students, researchers, stakeholders and policymakers in tourism.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Vikneswaran Nair is Professor and Dean, Graduate Studies & Research, University of The Bahamas, The Bahamas.

Amran Hamzah is Professor and Director of the Centre for Innovative Planning and Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Ghazali Musa is Professor, Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya, Malaysia.

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Tourists and Travellers

Women's Non-fictional Writing about Scotland, 1770–1830

By Betty Hagglund

Multilingual Matters

Copyright © 2010 Betty Hagglund
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84541-117-6

Contents

Acknowledgments, vii, 
1 Tourists and Travellers: Women's Non-fictional Writing about Scotland 1770–1830, 1, 
2 The Growth of English Tourism in Scotland in the 18th and 19th Centuries, 13, 
3 Travelling to Criticise: A Journey to the Highlands of Scotland, 33, 
4 'Every Thing Worth Seeing': Sarah Murray's Companion and Useful Guide, 54, 
5 Anne Grant of Laggan and the Myth of the Highlands, 77, 
6 From Traveller to Tourist: Dorothy Wordsworth's Two Scottish Tours, 98, 
7 Interrupting the Aesthetic: Sarah Hazlitt's Journal, 126, 
8 Epilogue: From Individual Travel to Mass Tourism, Scotland 1770–1830, 142, 
Appendix 1 Accounts of Travel in Scotland Written by Women during the Period 1740–1830, 145, 
Appendix 2 Guidebooks to Scotland before 1826, 150, 
Appendix 3 Authorship of Journey to the Highlands of Scotland, 155, 
Appendix 4 Dorothy Wordsworth's Reading of Travel Books, 158, 
References, 162, 
Index, 174, 

CHAPTER 1

Tourists and Travellers: Women's Nonfictional Writing about Scotland 1770-1830

In this book, I consider the travels, and the travel and other non-fictional writings, of five women who travelled within Scotland during the late 18th and early 19th century: the anonymous author of A Journey to the Highlands of Scotland; Sarah Murray (later known as Sarah Aust); Anne Grant of Laggan; Dorothy Wordsworth; and Sarah Hazlitt. During this period, travel and tourism in Scotland changed radically, from a time when there were very few travellers and no provision for those that did come, through to Scotland's emergence as a fully organised tourist destination with the necessary physical and economic infrastructure. Simultaneous with these changes, came changes in writing.

This book, therefore, sets out to explore the changing nature of travel and of travel writing in and about Scotland during the latter years of the 18th century and the early years of the 19th century, focusing specifically on how these five women travelled and represented those travels. These five women were, of course, not the only women to travel in and write about Scotland at this time. Nor do I wish to claim for them a representative role. Each of the women is different; each speaks with her own distinctive voice. Nevertheless, as Tim Youngs has noted:

Travellers do not simply record what they see ... They journey with preconceptions. They observe and write according to established models, having these in mind even when they wish to query or depart from them. No one who travels and writes of their experience can be said to be writing purely as an individual. Descriptions and judgements reveal the values of class, gender, and nationality. (1994: 209) While broadly in agreement with Youngs, I would argue further that the geographical location of the travels may be as influential as the class, gender and nationality of the writer. My discussion is unique to Scotland and to the period 1770–1830. This is not to imply that there are no parallels to be found elsewhere; rather it is to recognise and to emphasise that any discussion of travel writing must take account of the specific historical and geographical factors operating upon the traveller/writer. This assertion is by no means noncontentious, and there are those who have claimed, for example, that women travel writers show 'a similarity of reaction to the foreign environment, despite variations in time and place' (Foster, 1990: 173) (Foster's argument is based on her work on women's travel writings from Italy, America and the Far East). I hope to demonstrate, however, that the writings of the five women considered in this book are all firmly situated in Scotland at a particular time and that this has a direct effect not only on their subject matter, but also on the ways in which they write. I would argue further that, of all literary genres, travel writing is perhaps the most firmly sited in time and space.

In her study of 18th- and 19th-century Scottish women travel writers, Dorothy McMillan wrote:

I take as my starting point that all literature of travel operates between notions of "here" and "there" and the audience for such writing may sometimes be in both places at the same time, just as the writer too may shift positions in significant ways. (1997: 119)

McMillan's statement underlines the complex interplay between audience, writer and geography. Just as the geographic location of the travels affects both the content and the way in which they are written, so too does the geographic and cultural location of the intended audience. Youngs has pointed out that:

Travel writers are at once establishing their cultural affinities with, and spatial, experiential difference from, their readers. Travel writing ... is an expression of identity based on sameness to and yet remoteness from the members of the home society. Moreover, travel writers are able to make "use of this textual, physical and cultural space for an exploration and affirmation or reconstitution of identity". (1994: 3)

A second theme running through this book is an examination of the rhetorical strategies that each of the women uses to represent herself as writer and traveller within her work. Within the broad framework of the changing nature of travel in Scotland, each of these five women writers represented herself and her travels in very different ways. The anonymous author of A Journey to the Highlands of Scotland defined herself as a 'Sentimental Traveller' in the style of Laurence Sterne. Anne Grant, although born in Glasgow and raised in the American colonies, considered herself 'a true Highlander' and set herself the mission of interpreting (what she saw as) an inarticulate primitive culture to the outside world. Sarah Murray, author of one of the first guidebooks to the Highlands, depicted herself as 'a true lover of nature' whose desire to 'see every thing worth seeing' took precedence over fear of accident or physical discomfort and who, furthermore, could advise her readers authoritatively what to see and how to see it. Sarah Hazlitt, on the other hand, travelled as a tourist, guidebook in hand, following what had by then become a well-worn route. While the author of the Journey, Grant, Murray and Hazlitt travelled and wrote as individuals, Dorothy Wordsworth's travels were an extension of the communal writing life in Grasmere in which she played an integral part, and her travel writings reflect her intimate community.

As mentioned above, quite a number of women travelled in and wrote about Scotland during this period. I applied several selection criteria when choosing writers for this project. Each of the five women travelled in Scotland during the relevant period. Each wrote one or more non-fictional travel accounts – although in the case of Grant, I also look at the ways she depicted the Highlands and the Highlanders in her poetry. A complete and authoritative text was available for all but one of the texts I wanted to discuss, whether published or manuscript. Furthermore, although such a judgment is of necessity subjective, I believe that each of these five women's accounts of Scottish travel is complex and interesting and that, taken together, they provide a useful means of tracing the ways in which Scottish travel and travel writing...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Channel View Publications
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2024
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 184541117X
• ISBN 13: 9781845411176
• Einband: Taschenbuch
• Anzahl der Seiten: 246
• Herausgeber: Nair Vikneswaran, Hamzah Amran, Musa Ghazali
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: GPSR Kontakt; gpsr@libri.de; ; Friedensallee 273; Hamburg; 22763; Deutschland