Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Fine Chemicals (Rsc Green Chemistry Book) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1847559085 ISBN 13: 9781847559081

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009

Inhaltsangabe

The 20th century has seen a phenomenal growth in the global economy and continuous improvement in the standard of living in the industrialized countries. Sustainable development has become an ideal target in recent years and in the early 1990s the concept of "Green chemistry" was launched in the USA as a new paradigm, and since 1993 it has been promoted by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The success of the pharmaceutical industry is, in large part, due to the towering achievement of organic chemistry, a mature science which emerged as a distinct discipline well over 150 years ago, however this has been both a blessing and a curse. Many of our most reliable strategies for assembling target molecules employ reactions which are fifty to one hundred years old and are often named in honour of their discoverers. During these early years, the chronic toxicological properties of chemicals were often completely unknown and many unwittingly became indispensable tools of the trade. Early pioneers in green chemistry included Trost (who developed the atom economy principle) and Sheldon (who developed the E-Factor). These measures were introduced to encourage the use of more sustainable chemistry and provide some benchmarking data to encourage scientists to aspire to more benign synthesis. Green chemistry is essentially the design of chemical processes and procedures that reduce or eliminate the use, or the generation, of hazardous substances. Green chemistry is a growing area of research and an increasing number of researchers are now involved in this field. The number of publications has dramatically increased and new recognition of advances made is necessary with respect to other research areas. The synthesis of "Fine Chemicals" represents one of the main goals in organic synthesis and this new book extensively examines the main processes and procedures for their preparation under eco-friendly conditions.

The book is a collection of selected research topics delivered by scientists involved in some of the more prominent fields of green chemistry. It is devoted to the synthesis of fine chemicals by the use of alternative eco-friendly solvents (ionic liquids, polyethylene glycol, water, etc.), supported organic catalysis, microwave irradiation or high pressure as contributors to more efficient processes, photochemistry as a green procedure and solvent-free processes. Each chapter gives an introduction to the various methods or procedures and their contribution to green chemistry and a variety of the most representative examples of the eco-friendly synthesis of fine chemicals are reported and discussed. In addition, there is a chapter dedicated to the application of simple reaction to the synthesis of complex molecules.The chapters are all written by authors who are experts in their field and are exhaustively referenced and the book will be invaluable for researchers and industrialists as well as academia.

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Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Roberto Ballini is a Full Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Camerino, Italy. His research interest is mainly dedicated to organic synthesis, with particular emphasis on the field of eco-friendly processes (green chemistry). Professor Ballini's group has developed a variety of collaborations with other Universities worldwide conducting similar research. Of particular interest to them all is the chemistry of aliphatic nitro compounds, employed for the generation of carbon-carbon single and multiple bonds and carbon-carbon double bonds as well as for the cleavage of the carbon-carbon bonds. The obtained products find widespread utilization as key building blocks in the synthesis of important targets such as natural products featuring enhanced biological activity. This scientific activity has resulted in more than 210 publications in the main scientific journals, including several Review articles, mainly in the fields of organic synthesis and eco-friendly processes (green chemistry). Professor Ballini has been invited to attend conferences in various national and international meetings and symposiums and has been a lecturer in several worldwide Universities.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

Green chemistry is essentially the design of chemical processes and procedures that reduce or eliminate the use, or the generation, of hazardous substances. Green chemistry is a growing area of research and an increasing number of researchers are now involved in this field. The number of publications has dramatically increased and new recognition of advances made is necessary with respect to other research areas. The synthesis of "Fine Chemicals" represents one of the main goals in organic synthesis and this new book extensively examines the main processes and procedures for their preparation under eco-friendly conditions. The book is a collection of selected research topics delivered by scientists involved in some of the more prominent fields of green chemistry. It is devoted to the synthesis of fine chemicals by the use of alternative eco-friendly solvents (ionic liquids, polyethylene glycol, water, etc.), supported organic catalysis, microwave irradiation or high pressure as contributors to more efficient processes, photochemistry as a green procedure and solvent-free processes. Each chapter gives an introduction to the various methods or procedures and their contribution to green chemistry and a variety of the most representative examples of the eco-friendly synthesis of fine chemicals are reported and discussed. In addition, there is a chapter dedicated to the application of simple reaction to the synthesis of complex molecules. The chapters are all written by authors who are experts in their field and are exhaustively referenced and the book will be invaluable for researchers and industrialists as well as academia.

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Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Fine Chemicals

By Roberto Ballini

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2009 Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84755-908-1

Contents

Chapter 1 Catalysis in Non-conventional Reaction Media Marco Lombardo and Claudio Trombini, 
Chapter 2 The Contribution of Photochemistry to Green Chemistry Stefano Protti, Simone Manzini, Maurizio Fagnoni and Angelo Albini, 
Chapter 3 Supported Organic Bases: A Green Tool for Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation Giovanni Sartori, Raimondo Maggi, Chiara Oro and Laura Soldi, 
Chapter 4 Task-specific Ionic Liquids for Fine Chemicals Cinzia Chiappe, 
Chapter 5 Green Procedures for the Synthesis of Useful Molecules Avoiding Hazardous Solvents and Toxic Catalysts Brindaban C. Ranu and Kalicharan Chattopadhyay, 
Chapter 6 Simple Reactions for the Synthesis of Complex Molecules Janet L. Scott and Christopher R. Strauss, 
Chapter 7 High Pressure: a Clean Activation Method for Sustainable Organic Synthesis Lucio Minuti, 
Chapter 8 Environmentally Benign Chemical Synthesis via Mechanochemical Mixing and Microwave Irradiation Vivek Polshettiwar and Rajender S. Varma, 
Subject Index, 293, 

CHAPTER 1

Catalysis in Non-conventional Reaction Media

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 The Context

The concept of green or sustainable chemistry was born around 1990 thanks to a small group of chemists who, ahead of the times, clearly saw that the need for more environmentally acceptable processes in chemical industry had to become a top priority in R&D activities. In 1990, the Pollution Prevention Act was the spark that ignited awareness of the need for innovative chemical technologies that accomplished pollution prevention in a scientifically sound manner. In 1991 Paul Anastas coined the term and defined the field of "Green Chemistry". In the same year the first "Green Chemistry" program, the "Alternative Synthetic Pathways" research program, was launched. From a theoretical viewpoint, concepts like "atom economy" proposed by Trost and the "E factor" introduced by Sheldon, gave impetus to the creation of a new way of thinking about chemistry and to the development of a green metric able to provide quantitative support to compare the "greenness" of alternative products and processes. From a functional point of view, several endeavours aimed to promote green chemistry activities got under way. In 1995 the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award, proposed by Anastas to the White House, was approved. Since then, every year the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards highlight successes in research, development and industrial implementation of technologies that prevent pollution at source while contributing to the competitiveness of the innovators. In 1997 Anastas co-founded the Green Chemistry Institute, which worked closely with industries and universities on environmental issues, and expanded its international network to consortia in 27 nations. Other initiatives in the green chemistry field rapidly spread throughout the world, e.g. in Italy, Canada, UK, Australia and Japan. The Green Chemistry journal was launched in 1999 by the Royal Society of Chemistry, and it was accompanied in 2008 by ChemSusChem published by Wiley-VCH. Less than two decades after its beginnings, green chemistry issues are providing an enormous number of challenges and are the central concern of those who practice chemistry in industry, education and research. In Europe the SusChem Technology Platform and in the US the Technology Vision 2020 of the Chemical Industry are turning their chemistry research agenda into new goals, jobs and business through innovation directed towards sustainability and environmental stewardship.

1.1.2 The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry

In 1998, Anastas and Warner teamed up to write the best selling and most cited book in the field of Green Chemistry, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, which explicated the 12 principles of Green Chemistry. The principles, intended as guidelines for practical chemistry, provided a road map for chemists both of academia and industry to promote pollution prevention through environmentally conscious design of chemical products and processes. The 12 principles are:

1. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.

2. Synthetic methods should be designed to maximise the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.

3. Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.

4. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity.

5. The use of auxiliary substances, e.g. solvents, separation agents, should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used.

6. Energy requirements should be recognised for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperatures and pressure.

7. A raw material feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting, whenever technically and economically practical.

8. Unnecessary derivatization (blocking group, protection/deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be avoided wherever possible.

9. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.

10. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products.

11. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.

12. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen so as to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions and fires.

The 12 guidelines essentially fall into four groups: efficient use of energy, hazard reduction, waste minimization and the use of renewable resources. Although each heading clearly indicates a proficient solution toward sustainability, the more guidelines or green technologies a master plan meets the greater is its intrinsic value. An example could be offered by a process involving the addition reaction (100% atom economy) of two starting materials derived from renewable feed-stocks (rule no. 7) taking place in a perfect stereoselective way (waste minimization) at room temperature (energy efficient) in water (a prototypical green solvent) under the action of a low amount of a recyclable catalyst (rule no. 9).

The present chapter presents a few snapshots from the recent literature on the integration of the theme of catalysis with the topic of green solvents. The examples discussed witness how molecular design makes its own contribution to the breakthrough approach to innovative problem-solving, providing sustainable solutions to the chemical industry. Part of these cutting-edge results, suitably integrated by the state of the art process engineering, have the chance to evolve into low cost, robust, efficient and easy to operate sustainable technologies.

1.1.3 Catalysis

Adopting a K. B. Sharpless statement, catalysis is the engine that drives the development of chemistry. Everybody can easily recognize that top achievements in applied chemistry are focused on industrial applications of catalysis,...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2009
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1847559085
• ISBN 13: 9781847559081
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Auflage: 1
• Anzahl der Seiten: 314
• Herausgeber: Ballini Roberto
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: GPSR Kontakt; gpsr@libri.de; ; Europaallee 1; Bad Hersfeld; 36244; Deutschland