Challenges in Green Analytical Chemistry: Rsc (RSC Green Chemistry, Band 13) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1849731322 ISBN 13: 9781849731324

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011

Inhaltsangabe

Concerns about environmental pollution, global climate change and hazards to human health have increased dramatically. This has led to a call for change in chemical processes including those that are part of chemical analysis. The development of analytical chemistry continues and every new discovery in chemistry, physics, molecular biology, and materials science brings new opportunities and challenges. Yet, contemporary analytical chemistry does not consume resources optimally. Indeed, the usage of toxic chemical compounds is at the highest rate ever. All this makes the emerging field of green chemistry a “hot topic” in industrial, governmental laboratories as well as in academia. This book starts by introducing the twelve principles of green chemistry. It then goes on to discuss how the principles of green chemistry can be used to assess the ‘greenness’ of analytical methodologies. The ‘green profile’ proposed by the ACS Green Chemistry Institute is also presented. A chapter on “Greening” sample preparation describes approaches to minimizing toxic solvent use, using non-toxic alternatives, and saving energy. The chapter on instrumental methods describes existing analytical approaches that are inherently green and making non-green methods greener. The final chapter on signal acquisition describes how quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) ideas could reduce experimental work thus making analysis greener. The book concludes with a discussion of how green chemistry is both possible and necessary. Green Analytical Chemistry is aimed at managers of analytical laboratories but will also interest teachers of analytical chemistry and green public policy makers.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Professor Miguel de la Guardia currently holds position as Professor of Analytical Chemistry in Valencia University (Spain). He received his MsSc from Valencia in 1976 and a PhD degree from the same university in 1979 with a thesis about "The use of emulsions in Atomic Spectroscopy". Promoted to Associate Professor in 1985, his current professorship started from 1991. During this time Professor Miguel de la Guardia have been member of a research team with a staff involving Prof. Agustin Pastor (Chromatography studies), Prof. M. Luisa Cervera (Atomic Spectrometry), Prof. Angel Morales (Automation and micro-wave assisted methodologies) and Prof. Salvador Garrigues (Vibrational Spectrometry) and many post-doctoral colleagues, friends and students who have cooperated for the publication of more than 400 research papers in international journals, from which 338 have been correctely included in the ISI web of Science His current research is focused on the automation of analytical methods through multicommutation, sample preparation procedures for both, elemental analysis and speciation, and for chromatography and spectrometry determinations and quantitative vibrational spectrometry in the FTIR, NIR and Raman fields. Other major topics of my research are Chemometrics, Development of green analytical methods and Development of portable spectrometers. Professor Miguel de la Guardia has also supervised 29 PhD thesis and participate in many analytical symposia through the world being invited speaker in France, Germany, Italy, Brazil, Venezuela, Morocco, Turkey, China, Norway, UK, USA, Colombia, Egypt, Uruguay, Argentina, Switzerland, Belgium. He is a member of the editorial board of Spectroscopy Letters (USA), Ciencia (Venezuela), J. Braz. Chem. Soc. (Brazil), having previously been member of the Advisory board of Analytica Chimica Acta from 1995 to 2000. He is currently a consultant of the government of Portugal, Italy, Argentina and China for the evaluation of research proposals and grants and is regularly requested by several journals to act as reviewer.

Professor Miguel de la Guardia currently holds position as Professor of Analytical Chemistry in Valencia University (Spain). He received his MsSc from Valencia in 1976 and a PhD degree from the same university in 1979 with a thesis about "The use of emulsions in Atomic Spectroscopy". Promoted to Associate Professor in 1985, his current professorship started from 1991. During this time Professor Miguel de la Guardia have been member of a research team with a staff involving Prof. Agustin Pastor (Chromatography studies), Prof. M. Luisa Cervera (Atomic Spectrometry), Prof. Angel Morales (Automation and micro-wave assisted methodologies) and Prof. Salvador Garrigues (Vibrational Spectrometry) and many post-doctoral colleagues, friends and students who have cooperated for the publication of more than 400 research papers in international journals, from which 338 have been correctely included in the ISI web of Science His current research is focused on the automation of analytical methods through multicommutation, sample preparation procedures for both, elemental analysis and speciation, and for chromatography and spectrometry determinations and quantitative vibrational spectrometry in the FTIR, NIR and Raman fields. Other major topics of my research are Chemometrics, Development of green analytical methods and Development of portable spectrometers. Professor Miguel de la Guardia has also supervised 29 PhD thesis and participate in many analytical symposia through the world being invited speaker in France, Germany, Italy, Brazil, Venezuela, Morocco, Turkey, China, Norway, UK, USA, Colombia, Egypt, Uruguay, Argentina, Switzerland, Belgium. He is a member of the editorial board of Spectroscopy Letters (USA), Ciencia (Venezuela), J. Braz. Chem. Soc. (Brazil), having previously been member of the Advisory board of Analytica Chimica Acta from 1995 to 2000. He is currently a consultant of the government of Portugal, Italy, Argentina and China for the evaluation of research proposals and grants and is regularly requested by several journals to act as reviewer.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

Concerns about environmental pollution, global climate change and hazards to human health have increased dramatically. This has lead to a call for change in chemical processes including those that are part of chemical analysis. The development of analytical chemistry continues and every new discovery in chemistry, physics, molecular biology, and materials science brings new opportunities and challenges. Yet, contemporary analytical chemistry does not consume resources optimally. Indeed, the usage of toxic chemical compounds is at the highest rate ever. All this makes the emerging field of green chemistry a "hot topic" in industrial, governmental laboratories as well as in academia. This book starts by introducing the twelve principles of green chemistry. It then goes on to discuss how the principles of green chemistry can be used to assess the 'greenness' of analytical methodologies. The 'green profile' proposed by the ACS Green Chemistry Institute is also presented. A chapter on "Greening" sample preparation describes approaches to minimizing toxic solvent use, using non-toxic alternatives, and saving energy. The chapter on instrumental methods describes existing analytical approaches that are inherently green and making non-green methods greener. The final chapter on signal acquisition describes how quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) ideas could reduce experimental work thus making analysis greener. The book concludes with a discussion of how green chemistry is both possible and necessary. Green Analytical Chemistry is aimed at managers of analytical laboratories but will also interest teachers of analytical chemistry and green public policy makers.

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Challenges in Green Analytical Chemistry

By Miguel de la Guardia, Salvador Garrigues

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84973-132-4

Contents

Chapter 1 An Ethical Commitment and an Economic Opportunity M. de la Guardia and S. Garrigues, 1, 
Chapter 2 Direct Determination Methods Without Sample Preparation S. Garrigues and M. de la Guardia, 13, 
Chapter 3 Replacement of Hazardous Solvents and Reagents in Analytical Chemistry Jennifer L. Young and Douglas E. Raynie, 44, 
Chapter 4 Green Sample Preparation Methods Carlos Bendicho, Isela Lavilla, Francisco Pena and Marta Costas, 63, 
Chapter 5 Miniaturization of Analytical Methods Miren Pena-Abaurrea and Lourdes Ramos, 107, 
Chapter 6 Green Analytical Chemistry Through Flow Analysis Fábio R.P. Rocha and Boaventura F. Reis, 144, 
Chapter 7 Green Analytical Separation Methods Mihkel Kaljurand and Mihkel Koel, 168, 
Chapter 8 Green Electroanalysis Lucas Hernández, José M. Pingarrón and Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño, 199, 
Chapter 9 Green Analytical Chemistry in the Determination of Organic Pollutants in the Environment Sandra Pérez, Marinella Farré, Carlos Gonçalves, Jaume Aceña, M. F. Alpendurada and Damià Barceló, 224, 
Chapter 10 On-line Decontamination of Analytical Wastes Sergio Armenta and Miguel de la Guardia, 286, 
Subject Index, 302, 

CHAPTER 1

An Ethical Commitment and an Economic Opportunity

M. DE LA GUARDIA AND S. GARRIGUES

Departamento de Química Analítica, Edificio de Investigación, Universidad de Valencia, C/. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain

The side effects of the use of analytical methodologies may involve serious risks for operators as well as damage to the environment, and for these reasons it is relevant to think about the consequences of our activity as researchers or users of analytical methods.

Both from the point of view of citizens interacting ethically with the environment and as part of a fundamental evaluation of the costs of analytical procedures, we must take into consideration the inherent risks of some types of samples, together with the extensive use of chemical reagents and solvents, the energy consumption associated with modern instrumentation and, of course, the laboratory wastes and emissions resulting from the various steps of analytical procedures. This last aspect involves consumables and also the budget required to avoid or repair environmental damage.

Our view of analytical chemistry therefore involves moral and economic factors. We consider that the greening of analytical methodologies offers excellent business opportunities, as well as being a result of our moral commitment to our society and our future.

1.1 Green Analytical Chemistry in the Framework of the Ecological Paradigm of Chemistry

The foundation of chemistry as a scientific discipline can be dated to the publication of the Traité élémentaire de chimie by A. L. de Lavoisier in 1789. His work involved organizing chemical knowledge with respect to the experimental evidence, and created the basis of a paradigm focused on the atomic and molecular structure of matter and the relationship between the composition of matter and its behaviour.

As Professor Malissa has clearly explained, the old chemical practices coming under the general heading of 'archeochemistry' were the first para digm of chemistry providing the basis for the development of metal and alloy technologies, gold analysis, and developments in ceramics. This step was followed by the philosophical and experimental development of alchemy, a type of magic, which was introduced into the early universities through a study of the chemistry of natural products as pharmaceutical tools, thus creating the period of 'iatrochemistry'. In this framework the 'chemiological' era began with scientific evidence of the nature of the chemical composition of matter and the relationship between structure and properties of materials, and, based on the rapid development of synthesis, provided the tools for a 'chemiurgical' period.

For the general public and for our students, most ideas about chemistry are probably based on the capacity of chemical principles and practices to create new materials and to transform our lives. However, it is also clear that as well as its beneficial effects the chemical revolution has caused terrible damage. Today we cannot imagine our life without many of the developments of the chemiurgical period, such as the introduction of petroleum-based fuels, the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and phytosanitary products, and many other industrial products, in spite of the environmental consequences and the risks to our lives caused by the use of chemical compounds.

The bad conscience of chemists and consumers about the side effects of chemicals has created a new view of chemical problems, which Malissa calls the 'ecological paradigm'; this aims to put chemical knowledge within the frame of environmental equilibrium. In the new framework of a sustainable chemistry all problems, from synthesis to individual applications, including analytical methods, must be evaluated in order to avoid collateral damage. This is especially important for the analytical community who, day after day, use large quantities of reagents and solvents to check the chemical composition of samples in every imaginable field, from natural sources to industrial processes and products, from the analysis of soils to that of water and air, not to mention the study of biota and the clinical evaluation of human health.

As Professor George Pimentel said in his Opportunities in Chemistry report to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, there is a need to increase the proportion of research and development devoted to exploratory studies of environmental problems and the detection of potentially undesirable environmental constituents at levels below their expected toxicity, thus increasing the support for analytical chemistry in a prominent way by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other American institutions.

In the 1990s there was a widespread bad conscience about the deleterious effects of chemistry and the collateral effects of analytical methods, due to the use of toxic reagents and solvents and the generation of dangerous wastes. This was the basis of some of the pioneering effort for greening the methods of analysis through the minimization of risks for operators by using mechanized procedures and closed systems. As a result, initiatives like the development of environmentally friendly analytical methods or clean methods were proposed in 1994. The ethical agreement between chemistry and the environment has emerged from the green chemistry movement under the leadership of Paul Anastas, although it was Cathcart who first used the term 'green chemistry'.

In fact, the philosophy of green chemistry can now be considered as the central theory of ecological chemistry. In this framework, analytical chemistry, as a tool to determine the quality of air, water, and soil, can be seen indispensable to demonstrate the side effects of the chemiurgical period. It also provides the data required to establish the development of models for the decomposition of synthetic toxic molecules, in order to reinforce the need for chemical knowledge for the evaluation of environmental risks of the production, transport and use of chemicals. On the other hand, analytical...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2011
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1849731322
• ISBN 13: 9781849731324
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Auflage: 1
• Anzahl der Seiten: 316
• Herausgeber: De La Guardia Miguel, Garrigues Salvador, Clark James H., Kraus George A.
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar