Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury (RSC Drug Discovery, 24, Band 24) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1849733899 ISBN 13: 9781849733892

Verlag: ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY, 2012

Inhaltsangabe

Due to injuries sustained in sports and in combat, interest in TBI has never been greater. Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury will fulfil a gap in our understanding of what is occurring in the brain following injury that can subsequently be detected in biological fluids and imaging. This knowledge will be useful for all researchers and clinicians interested in the biochemical and structural sequelae underpinning clinical manifestations of TBI and help guide appropriate patient management. Current and prospective biomarkers for the assessment of traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly mild TBI, are examined using a multidisciplinary approach involving biochemistry, molecular biology, and clinical chemistry. The book incorporates presentations from outstanding researchers and clinicians in the area and describes advanced proteomic and degradomic technologies in the development of novel biomarker assays. For practical purposes, the focus of this volume is on detection of blood-based biomarkers to improve diagnostic certainty of mild TBI in conjunction with radiological and clinical findings. It represents contributions from internationally-recognized researchers at the forefront of traumatic brain injury many of whom are recipients of grants and contracts from the United States Department of Defense for research specifically on developing diagnostic tests for TBI. The book will be essential reading for scientists, pharmacologists, chemists, medical and graduate students.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Svetlana A Dambinova DSc, PhD is a Distinguished Professor at the WellStar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, USA. She has more than 35 years of experience in the fields of molecular neurobiology, neurochemistry, and laboratory medicine. She spent most of her academic life at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, the Institute of Human Brain and Pavlov's Medical University in St Petersburg, Russia, during her career from a predoctoral student to a Professor. Ronald L Hayes PhD is Founder & President and a Distinguished Principal Investigator at the Center of Innovative Research, Banyan Biomarkers, Inc, USA. His research involves studying the pathobiology of traumatic brain injury and he employs contemporary biochemical approaches to examine proteolytic mechanisms of cell injury and death. Kevin KW Wang PhD is Founder, Chief Operations & Scientific Officer and Executive Director at the Center of Innovative Research, Banyan Biomarkers, Inc, USA.

Svetlana A Dambinova DSc, PhD is a Distinguished Professor at the WellStar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, USA. She has more than 35 years of experience in the fields of molecular neurobiology, neurochemistry, and laboratory medicine. She spent most of her academic life at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, the Institute of Human Brain and Pavlov's Medical University in St Petersburg, Russia, during her career from a predoctoral student to a Professor. Ronald L Hayes PhD is Founder & President and a Distinguished Principal Investigator at the Center of Innovative Research, Banyan Biomarkers, Inc, USA. His research involves studying the pathobiology of traumatic brain injury and he employs contemporary biochemical approaches to examine proteolytic mechanisms of cell injury and death. Kevin KW Wang PhD is Founder, Chief Operations & Scientific Officer and Executive Director at the Center of Innovative Research, Banyan Biomarkers, Inc, USA.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

Due to injuries sustained in sports and in combat, interest in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has never been greater. Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury fulfils a gap in our understanding of what is occurring in the brain following injury that can subsequently be detected in biological fluids and imaging. This knowledge is useful for all researchers and clinicians interested in the biochemical and structural sequelae underpinning clinical manifestations of TBI and help guide appropriate patient management. Current and prospective biomarkers for the assessment of TBI, particularly mild TBI, are examined using a multidisciplinary approach involving biochemistry, molecular biology, and clinical chemistry. The book incorporates presentations from outstanding researchers and clinicians in the area and describes advanced proteomic and degradomic technologies in the development of novel biomarker assays. For practical purposes, the focus of this volume is on detection of blood-based biomarkers to improve diagnostic certainty of mild TBI in conjunction with radiological and clinical findings. It represents contributions from internationally-recognized researchers at the forefront of TBI many of whom are recipients of grants and contracts from the United States Department of Defense for research specifically on developing diagnostic tests for TBI. Key chapters include: the medical need for biomarkers of TBI; the role of advanced MRI findings as biomarkers of TBI; advances in the measurement of mild TBI; neurodegradomics and biomarkers for concussions; ionotropic glutamate receptors; the clinical application of early biomarkers for mild TBI; astroglial proteins as biomarkers of intracerebral haemorrhage; novel biomarkers of combat TBI and utilities of TBI biomarkers in various clinical settings. The book will be essential reading for scientists, pharmacologists, chemists, medical and graduate students.

Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury

By Svetlana A. Dambinova, Ronald L. Hayes, Kevin K. W. Wang

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84973-389-2

Contents

List of Contributors, xvii, 
Chapter 1 Clinical Relevance of Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury Kerstin Bettermann and Julia E. Slocomb, 1, 
Chapter 2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Zhifeng Kou, Randall R. Benson and E. Mark Haacke, 19, 
Chapter 3 Immunoexcitotoxicity as a Central Mechanism of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy – A Unifying Hypothesis Russell L. Blaylock and Joseph C. Maroon, 45, 
Chapter 4 Neurodegradomics: The Source of Biomarkers for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Svetlana A. Dambinova, 66, 
Chapter 5 Neurotoxicity Biomarkers in Experimental Acute and Chronic Brain Injury Uliana I. Danilenko, German A. Khunteev, Arthur Bagumyan and Galina A. Izykenova, 87, 
Chapter 6 Mitochondrial Dysfunctions and Markers of Spinal Cord Injury Alexander V. Panov, 106, 
Chapter 7 Biomarkers of Neuroglial Injury in Rat Models of Combat TBI: Primary Blast Over-Pressure Compared to "Composite" Blast Stanislav I. Svetlov, Victor Prima, Olena Glushakova, Artem Svetlov, Daniel R. Kirk, Hector Gutierrez, Kevin K. W. Wang and Ronald L. Hayes, 122, 
Chapter 8 Biomarkers for Subtle Brain Dysfunction Svetlana A. Dambinova, Sarah Gill, Laura St. Onge and Richard L. Sowell, 134, 
Chapter 9 Feasibility Studies of Neurotoxicity Biomarkers for Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury Alexey V. Shikuev, Taras A. Skoromets, Dmitri I. Skulyabin, Miroslav M. Odinak and Alexander A. Skoromets, 148, 
Chapter 10 Astroglial Proteins as Biomarkers of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Christian Foerch, 164, 
Chapter 11 Protein S100B in Traumatic Brain Injury Ramona Åstrand, Johan Undén and Bertil Romner, 176, 
Chapter 12 Utilities of TBI Biomarkers in Various Clinical Settings Stefania Mondello, Ronald L. Hayes and Kevin K. W. Wang, 184, 
Chapter 13 Future Trends in Biomarker Immunoassay Development Svetlana A. Dambinova and Ronald L. Hayes, 200, 
Subject Index, 216, 

CHAPTER 1

Clinical Relevance of Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury

KERSTIN BETTERMANN AND JULIA E. SLOCOMB

1.1 Introduction

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as damage to the brain due to sudden trauma, either by penetrating or, more commonly, by closed head injury. TBI can be either focal or diffuse and is classified as mild, moderate, or severe, as defined in Table 1.1 by the U.S. Department of Defense and Veterans Administration Traumatic Brain Injury Task Force.

Moderate and severe TBI have long been known to lead to impairments in motor and vision function, cognition, attention, memory, and executive functions. However, in recent years it has been discovered that even mild TBI (mTBI) can also have lasting and commonly disabling effects including headache, concentration difficulties, insomnia, mood disturbances, and dizziness. Regardless of severity, TBI involves two phases – the primary injury, which is acquired during impact, and the secondary injury, which is due to brain damage that evolves throughout the subsequent hours and days. Although some of the contributing factors of this secondary damage are understood, such as cerebral hyperemia or dysfunction of cerebrovascular autoregulation, diagnosis and treatment of secondary brain injury remains rudimentary despite years of research. As mild TBI typically is not associated with any changes on brain MRI and is difficult to assess by standard diagnostic workup, its pathophysiology is not well known. There is no objective test for mild TBI, other than history and neurological examination, and there remains great disparity in our ability to identify mild TBI and predict clinical outcome. Therefore, there is an unmet need to improve the diagnosis of patients with mild TBI and to identify individuals who are susceptible to secondary brain injury. Recent advances in biomarker research may help to fill these gaps by improving diagnostic certainty. In the future, biomarkers of mild TBI may help to guide therapeutic decisions and could be useful in predicting clinical outcome.

1.2 Epidemiology and Health Care Economics

Globally, TBI is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in individuals under the age of 45 years. Approximately 1.7 million people in the United States sustain a TBI each year, resulting in more than 235 000 hospitalizations and 50 000 deaths. The rate of death as a result of TBI is three times higher in males than in females. However, estimated morbidity and mortality rates for TBI are probably imprecise due to inaccurate recording of cause of death, cause of injury, circumstances of injury, and inconsistencies in the diagnosis of TBI. A significant number of mild TBI cases probably go unrecorded, as many victims do not seek medical attention. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke estimates that between 2.5 and 6.5 million Americans alive today have had one or multiple TBIs. Mild TBI, which accounts for 80–90% of all cases, is the most prevalent form of brain injury. Among civilians, TBI is most common in children ages 0–4 years, adolescents age 15–19 years, and adults age 65 or older.

U.S. military combat missions, which have increased in recent years, have created an additional large population of young TBI survivors, mostly due to blast injuries. As of 2006, roughly 30% of injured U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq to Walter Reed Army Medical Center were diagnosed with TBI. While the precise number of TBIs among U.S. troops remains unknown, it has been estimated by the U.S. Department of Defense that 212 742 service men and women have been diagnosed with TBI between January 2000 and May 2011.9 TBI is commonly referred to as the "signature injury" of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, as TBI is thought to be more prevalent now than in any past wars in U.S. history.

Given that TBI is most common among young adults, costs to society can be significant. Depending on the severity of their injuries and disabilities, these survivors often require specialized care for the rest of their lives. An estimated 5.3 million Americans currently have long-term disabilities following TBI, resulting in an estimated $60 billion in health care expenditures annually. For individuals, the significant financial burden that results from TBI depends on factors including duration of acute care, duration of rehabilitation and long-term care, therapies, prescription costs, loss of employment, and need for medical equipment. The U.S. National Institutes of Health estimates that lifetime care for a survivor with severe TBI can cost between U.S.$ 600 000 and U.S.$ 1 875 000.

In light of the growing TBI epidemic, use of biomarkers for the diagnosis of TBI and its potential sequelae is essential to optimize patient care and help improve clinical outcome. Additionally, biomarkers could be potentially useful to identify individuals at risk for secondary injury following the initial impact. Such individuals are more prone to subsequent brain damage and long-term disability if they are released prematurely to return to high risk behaviors and activities. Biomarkers could thus play an important role in the care of patients with TBI.

1.3 Diagnosis

Currently, a diagnosis of TBI is based on medical history, findings on neurological examination, clinical assessment scales, and neuroimaging, such as...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2012
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1849733899
• ISBN 13: 9781849733892
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 226
• Herausgeber: Dambinova Svetlana, Hayes Ronald L., Wang Kevin K. W.
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar