Natural Polymers: Volume 2: Nanocomposites (RSC Green Chemistry, 17, Band 2) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1849734038 ISBN 13: 9781849734035

Verlag: ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY, 2012

Inhaltsangabe

In the search for sustainable materials, natural polymers present an attractive alternative for many applications compared to their synthetic counterparts derived from petrochemicals. The two volume set, Natural Polymers, covers the synthesis, characterisation and applications of key natural polymeric systems including their morphology, structure, dynamics and properties. Volume one focuses on natural polymer composites, including both natural and protein fibres, and volume two on natural polymer nanocomposites. The first volume examines the characterization, life cycle assessment and new sources of natural fibres and their potential as a replacement for synthetic fibres in industrial applications. It then explores the important advancements in the field of wool, silk, spidersilk and mussel byssus fibres. The second volume looks at the properties and characterization of cellulose, chitosan, furanic, starch, wool and silk nanocomposites and the potential industrial applications of natural polymer nanocomposites. With contributions from leading researchers in natural polymers from around the globe, Natural Polymers provides a valuable reference for material scientists, polymer chemists and polymer engineers.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Maya Jacob John is senior researcher at Polymers and Composites Competence Area at Materials Science and Manufacturing, CSIR, South Africa. She completed her Ph.D from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India. Dr. John's primary research interests are in lignocellulosic fiber reinforced composites and in biocomposites. She has published more than 30 articles in international peer-reviewed journals, contributed more than 10 book chapters in her field of interest and is co-editor of one book. Sabu Thomas is professor at the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India. He received Ph.D from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur and a B.Tech in Polymer Science and Technology from Cochin University. Prof. Thomas has gained additional experience as a visiting professor at a number of universities around the world. A Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a member of the American Chemical Society, his research has led to the publication of some 360 articles in international peer reviewed journals, several book chapters and patents. The co-editor of four books, he has been a visiting professor and lecturer at some of the world's leading polymer research laboratories.

Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Natural Polymers

Volume 1: Composites

By Maya J. John, Sabu Thomas

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84973-403-5

Contents

Volume 1: Composites, 
Chapter 1 Natural Polymers: An Overview Maya Jacob John and Sabu Thomas, 1, 
Chapter 2 Biomimetics: Inspiration from the Structural Organization of Biological Systems Kalpana S. Katti, Chunju Gu and Dinesh R. Katti, 8, 
Chapter 3 Natural Fibres as Composite Reinforcement Materials: Description and New Sources Karine Charlet, 37, 
Chapter 4 Relation between Structural Anisotropy in Natural Fibres and Mechanical Properties in Composites Elessandra da Rosa Zavareze and Alvaro Renato Guerra Dias, 63, 
Chapter 5 Flame Retardant Characteristics of Natural Fibre Composites Baljinder K. Kandola, 86, 
Chapter 6 Natural Fibre Composites: Automotive Applications S. C. R. Furtado, A. J. Silva, C. Alves, Luís Reis, Manuel Freitas and Paulo Ferrão, 118, 
Chapter 7 Water Vapour Sorption of Natural Fibres C. A. S. Hill, 140, 
Chapter 8 Environmentally Friendly Coupling Agents for Natural Fibre Composites R. Chollakup, W. Smitthipong and P. Suwanruji, 161, 
Chapter 9 Probing Interfacial Interactions in Natural Fibre Reinforced Biocomposites Using Colloidal Force Microscopy G. Raj, E. Balnois, C. Baley and Y. Grohens, 183, 
Chapter 10 Zein: Structure, Production, Film Properties and Applications Narpinder Singh, Sandeep Singh, Amritpal Kaur and Mandeep Singh Bakshi, 204, 
Chapter 11 Silk Fibre Composites Panya Wongpanit, Orathai Pornsunthorntawee and Ratana Rujiravanit, 219, 
Chapter 12 Hybrid Composite Structures from Collagenous Wastes and Environmental Friendly Polymers: Preparation, Properties and Applications M. Ashokkumar, P. Thanikaivelan and B. Chandrasekaran, 257, 
Chapter 13 Spider Silk: The Toughest Natural Polymer Gangqin Xu, Guoyang William Toh, Ning Du and Xiang Yang Liu, 275, 
Chapter 14 Mussel Byssus Fibres: A Tough Biopolymer F. G. Torres, O. P. Troncoso and C. E. Torres, 305, 
Subject Index, 330, 
Volume 2: Nanocomposites, 
Chapter 1 Nanocellulose: Potential Reinforcement in Composites Alain Dufresne, 1, 
Chapter 2 Chitosan-based Nanocomposites Sreejarani Kesavan Pillai and Suprakas Sinha Ray, 33, 
Chapter 3 Characterization of Molecular Interactions in Amylose Starch Bionanocomposites Deeptangshu S. Chaudhary, 69, 
Chapter 4 Soy Protein Nanocomposites: Emerging Trends and Applications Dagang Liu and Huafeng Tian, 91, 
Chapter 5 Nacre from Mollusk Shells: Inspiration for High-performance Nanocomposites Reza Rabiei, Sacheen Bekah and Francois Barthelat, 113, 
Chapter 6 Nanocomposites from Furanic Derivatives Guan Gong, 150, 
Chapter 7 Starch Nanocomposites Dipa Ray and Sonakshi Maiti, 185, 
Chapter 8 Processing and Industrial Applications of Natural Polymer Nanocomposites X. Z. Tang, S. Alavi, K. P. Sandeep and P. Kumar, 234, 
Chapter 9 Protein-based Polymer Nanocomposites for Regenerative Medicine Bibin Mathew Cherian, Gabriel Molina de Olyveira, Ligia Maria Manzina Costa, Alcides Lopes Leão and Sivoney Ferreira de Souza, 255, 
Subject Index, 294, 

CHAPTER 1

Natural Polymers: An Overview

MAYA JACOB JOHN AND SABU THOMAS

1.1 Introduction

The scarcity of natural polymers during the world war years led to the development of synthetic polymers like nylon, acrylic, neoprene, styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) and polyethylene. The increasing popularity of synthetic polymers is partly due to the fact that there are unlimited and economic avenues for modification of chemical structures to obtain a product with specific properties. However, this rampant use of petroleum products has created a twin dilemma: depletion of petroleum resources (Figure 1.1) and entrapment of plastics in the food chain and environment. The exhaustive use of petroleum-based resources has initiated efforts to develop biodegradable plastics. This is based on renewable bio-based plant and agricultural products that can compete in the markets currently dominated by petroleum-based products. Table 1.1 presents a selected list of the common synthetic polymers.

Another issue is that the disposal of plastics in landfills creates a serious aesthetic problem in large urbanized areas of the world. The chemical stability of plastic prevents plastic waste from decomposing into the environment at a rate comparable to the rate of waste generation. In the long run, the incentive to preserve the local environment is reduced and the costs of cleaning and recovery of contaminated sites rise. Large streams can also transport excess plastic waste to other areas, creating a mobile contamination problem. Plastic waste comprises 60–80% of the marine debris litter accumulated in ocean shores. The problem of marine waste is aggravated by the low reliability of removal mechanisms aimed at reducing marine plastic residual concentration in the oceans. The effects of plastic waste on marine life include the entanglement and ingestion of harmful plastics by marine vertebrates and the bioaccumulation of toxicants along the food chain.

Natural polymers are those which are present in, or created by, living organisms. These include polymers from renewable resources that can be polymerized to create bio-plastics. There are two main types of natural polymers: those that come from living organisms (these include carbohydrates and proteins) and those which need to be polymerized but come from renewable resources (e.g. lactic acid and triglycerides). Both types are used in the production of bio-plastics.

Among the different types of natural polymers, the best known resources capable of making biodegradable plastics are starch and cellulose. Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate in the world (40% of all organic matter is cellulose). It is the main constituent of plants, serving to maintain their structure, and is also present in bacteria, fungi, algae and even in animals. Cellulose from trees and cotton plants is a substitute for petroleum feedstocks to make cellulose plastics.

Starch is a condensation polymer made up of hundreds of glucose monomers, which release water molecules as they chemically combine. Starch is a member of the basic food group of carbohydrates and is found in cereal grains and potatoes. It is also referred to as a polysaccharide, because it is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose. Starch molecules include two types of glucose polymers, i.e. amylose and amylopectin, the latter being the major starch component in most plants, making up about three-quarters of the total starch in wheat flour. Amylose is a straight-chain polymer with an average of about 200 glucose units per molecule. Starch is one of the least expensive biodegradable materials available in the world market today. It is a versatile polymer with immense potential for use in non-food industries. The annual world production of starch is well over 70 billion pounds weight, with much of it being used for non-food purposes, like making paper, cardboard, textile sizing and adhesives.

Chitin, a polysaccharide similar to cellulose, is Earth's second most abundant polysaccharide. It is present in the cell walls of fungi and is the fundamental substance in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects and spiders. The structure of chitin is identical to that of cellulose, except for the replacement of the OH group on the C-2 carbon of each of the glucose units...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2012
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1849734038
• ISBN 13: 9781849734035
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 332
• Herausgeber: John Maya J., Thomas Sabu
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar