Electrospinning: Principles, Practice and Possibilities (RSC: Polymer Chemistry, 14, Band 14) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1849735565 ISBN 13: 9781849735568

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015

Inhaltsangabe

Electrospinning techniques are used to produce novel nanoscale fibrous materials used in a diverse range of applications.

Electrospinning: Principles Practice and Possibilities provides a snapshot of the current cutting edge developments of the field. The first chapter introduces readers to electrospinning, followed by different techniques to prepare fibres such as melt electrospinning and colloidal electrospinning, as well as the properties, structures and uses of the nanofibrous materials in energy applications and regenerative medicine and future directions.

This balanced and authoritative book will appeal to a broad audience of postgraduate students, industrial and academic researchers in the physical and life sciences as well as engineering.

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Electrospinning techniques are used to produce novel nanoscale fibrous materials used in a diverse range of applications.

Electrospinning: Principles Practice and Possibilities provides a snapshot of the current cutting edge developments of the field. The first chapter introduces readers to electrospinning, followed by different techniques to prepare fibres such as melt electrospinning and colloidal electrospinning, as well as the properties, structures and uses of the nanofibrous materials in energy applications and regenerative medicine and future directions.

This balanced and authoritative book will appeal to a broad audience of postgraduate students, industrial and academic researchers in the physical and life sciences as well as engineering.

Aus dem Klappentext

Electrospinning techniques are used to produce novel nanoscale fibrous materials used in a diverse range of applications.

Electrospinning: Principles Practice and Possibilities provides a snapshot of the current cutting edge developments of the field. The first chapter introduces readers to electrospinning, followed by different techniques to prepare fibres such as melt electrospinning and colloidal electrospinning, as well as the properties, structures and uses of the nanofibrous materials in energy applications and regenerative medicine and future directions.

This balanced and authoritative book will appeal to a broad audience of postgraduate students, industrial and academic researchers in the physical and life sciences as well as engineering.

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Electrospinning

Principles, Practice and Possibilities

By Geoffrey R. Mitchell

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84973-556-8

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction Fred J. Davis, Saeed D. Mohan and Muaathe A. Ibraheem, 1, 
Chapter 2 Glossary of Terms Jonathan Stanger and Fred J. Davis, 22, 
Chapter 3 The Development of Electrospinning Technologies for Commercial Application Nick Tucker, 34, 
Chapter 4 Optimising Solutions for Electrospinning Stuart R. Coles and Andrew Wooldridge, 57, 
Chapter 5 Polymer Network Dynamics during Electrospinning: Random Walk Simulation Israel Greenfeld and Eyal Zussman, 71, 
Chapter 6 Design and Fabrication of Scaffolds via Melt Electrospinning for Applications in Tissue Engineering Paul D. Dalton, M. Lourdes Muerza-Cascante and Dietmar W. Hutmacher, 100, 
Chapter 7 Electrospinning of Nanoparticles Daniel Crespy, 121, 
Chapter 8 Structure Development in Electrospun Fibres Geoffrey R. Mitchell, Saeed D. Mohan, Fred J. Davis, Kyung-Hwa Ahn, Mohamed Al-Azab, Ahmed El Hadi, Delyth Elliott, Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar, Anitha Nagarajan and Meruyert Nazhipkyzy, 136, 
Chapter 9 Organized Assembly of Electrospun Nanofibres: From 1D to 3D Salima Nedjari, Anne Hébraud and Guy Schlatter, 172, 
Chapter 10 Properties of Electrospun Polymer Fibres Asa H. Barber, 196, 
Chapter 11 Electrospinning for Medical Applications Wenhui Song, Geoffrey R. Mitchell and Krishna Burugapalli, 214, 
Chapter 12 In-house Cultivation of New Generation Meat on Novel Biomimetic 3D Scaffolds Touseef Amna, Inho Hwang, M. Shamshi Hassan and Myung-Seob Khil, 253, 
Chapter 13 Future Perspectives on Electrospinning Geoffrey R. Mitchell and Malcolm Sperrin, 267, 
Subject Index, 271, 

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

FRED J. DAVIS, SAEED D. MOHAN AND MUAATHE A. IBRAHEEM

1.1 Polymer Fibres

The generation of materials with elongation in the form of fibres is a commercially important aspect of polymer science. The act of stretching a macromolecular system into a fibre orients the polymer chains and increases intermolecular interactions; thus, while the diameter of a fibre is much reduced by the drawing process, this is offset by the increased modulus of the fibres which can produce some of the strongest materials known. For example, weight for weight, spider silk is 5 times as strong as steel; many of the applications of nylon rely on the strength provided by the structures that develop on drawing; and another polyamide, Kevlar is well known for its high strength induced by virtue of the hydrogen bonding and phase structure. Less obviously, polyethylene can be made into an ultra-high strength material by drawing.

Fibres are involved in a number of products, most notably textiles, but also in applications as diverse as paper and tyre cord. Fibres also play a crucial role in biology, with materials such as cellulose forming fibrils which provide much-needed strength to plant walls or, on the negative side, the development of amyloid fibrils has been linked with a range of human diseases (Figure 1.1(a)). In a commercial or laboratory setting the process of fibre formation can be done in a number of ways, but all rely on the polymer initially being present in a molten or a solution state. The production of fibres from synthetic polymers is a major industrial activity. In a typical process to produce a textile fibre, the polymer is passed through a spinneret, and then elongated by the application of a mechanical force. This process requires, firstly, that the polymer is able to flow prior to processing, i.e. it must be in a molten or a solution state; secondly, that the material solidifies in the region post spinning. For melt spinning the requirement is simply one of reducing the temperature; for solution spinning the solvent must be removed by evaporation (known as dry spinning) or by precipitation into a solvent bath (termed wet spinning). Many commercial applications require post processing, for example, in the viscose process cellulose is modified to produce a processable material and subsequently regenerated in sulphuric acid post processing. Famously, carbon fibres are generated from thermal treatment of polyacrylonitrile in a process involving cyclisation, as shown in Figure 1.2.

In general, spinning processes such as those described above result typically in threads with diameters between 1 and 20 µm. Recently, interest in developing materials at the nanoscale has resulted in a surge of activity in the production of fibres with submicron diameters. Whilst such materials are largely inaccessible to melt spinning, there are alternative processes such as melt blowing, which are clearly capable of producing fibres with diameters smaller than 500 nm. The possibility of such top-down methods of producing nanofibres has attracted huge interest in such technology and, in particular, the technique which is the focus of this book: electrospinning, a techniques that produce fibres with diameters ranging from a few microns to a few nanometres.

1.2 Principles of Electrospinning

In electrospinning, an electrostatic force produced by a high voltage supply is used to drive the spinning process. This field is applied to droplets of polymer solution (or a melt) passed from the tip of a fine orifice. The technique has its origin in the studies on electric fields initiated by Lord Rayleigh in the nineteenth century, and was originally patented in 1902, although it was in 1934 that Formhals considered the procedure as a means for processing textile yarns. It was Taylor who, in his work, developed the theoretical understanding of the influence of an electric field on a small volume of liquid. Thus, when an electric field is applied to a liquid droplet, an electrostatic charge accumulates at the tip of this droplet. Consequently, charge repulsion works against the surface tension, causing the shape to change from a broadly spherical surface to an elongated cone shape (known later as a Taylor Cone), a jet then is released from the capillary spinneret. This jet may take a complex path and is subjected to instabilities induced by electric charges, but in the absence of a viscous polymer solute, the liquid will ultimately atomise into tiny droplets; this is the origin of the important process of electrospraying. However, when the liquid contains a polymer as a solute, the viscosity must also be considered; if sufficiently large, the polymer viscosity will oppose the breaking up of the jet into droplets. This produces a thread of polymer solution which will be subjected to the electrical instabilities also seen in the pure liquid. These whipping or bending instabilities mean that the polymer solution may take a complex path, as shown in Figure 1.3, and as a result of the motion and stretching, solvent is removed and the polymer thread elongated. This is crucial to the development of fibres with sub-micron diameters. The whipping process, while crucial to the development of the extreme elongation of the fibres, distinguishes this technique from other fibre producing technologies, where the fibre orientation is easily controlled. As a consequence of this controlled deposition of fibres to form organised structures, a basic requirement for developing nanomaterials requires some modification to the techniques, as discussed below. The physics of the polymer jet is discussed further in Chapter 5.

1.3 Equipment for Electrospinning

The...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2015
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1849735565
• ISBN 13: 9781849735568
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 276
• Herausgeber: Mitchell Geoffrey R.
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar