Detection Challenges in Clinical Diagnostics: Rsc (RSC Detection Science) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 184973612X ISBN 13: 9781849736121

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013

Inhaltsangabe

There are many remaining challenges impeding future progress in the field of Clinical Diagnostics. This book presents a technical assessment and vision of clinical leaders, scoping the clinical and other diagnostic needs and the bottle-necks in their cognate fields. Issues of real environmental biological measurements from the perspective of the end-user are presented and thus the book serves to inform the direction of the fundamental scientific efforts. Both editors are experienced practitioners within biosensor technology and are involved first-hand in healthcare and clinical applications of detection science.

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Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Professor Pankaj Vadgama's particular interest is biosensors, where he has developed permselective, biocompatible, and biomimetic polymeric membranes capable of stable transduction in whole blood and tissue. Both in vivo and in vitro work has been undertaken, including the use of miniaturized devices for glucose and lactate monitoring, immunosensing, and interrogation of tissue-material interactions. Current research work includes interfacial problems relating to sensor/biomaterial contact with the biomatrix, and the generalizable insights that may emerge from this. Projects include: spider silk for tissue engineering, materials for implantable electronic devices, microfluidic based separation, cell-surface interactions, biomaterial degradation dynamics, conducting polymers as biomaterials, tissue bioreactor design, and cochlear implant electrodes.

Dr. Serban Peteu's research interest is in biosensors, where he has advanced methods to detect metal ions or monitor nitro-oxidative stress in biological fluids. Both electrochemical and optochemical sensing have been investigated, furthermore the response being enhanced via hybrid organic-inorganic nano-architectures. Present work involves nanowire based bio-catalytic interfaces for electrochemical and field-effect sensors. Projects include: semiconductor based lancet type biosensors, electroactive polymers soft actuators, bioreactors designed and fabricated for vaccine research and for water remediation, other equipment and devices to improve the quality of life.

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There are many remaining challenges impeding future progress in field of Clinical Diagnostics. This book presents a technical assessment and vision of clinical leaders, scoping the clinical and other diagnostic needs and the bottle-necks in their cognate fields. Issues of real environmental biological measurements from the perspective of the end-user are presented and thus the book serves to inform the direction of the fundamental scientific efforts. Both editors are experienced practitioners within the biosensor technology and are involved first-hand with the healthcare and clinical applications of detection science.

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Detection Challenges in Clinical Diagnostics

By Pankaj Vadgama, Serban Peteu

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84973-612-1

Contents

List of Contributors, xvii, 
Chapter 1 Biosensor Technology and the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory – Issue of Signal Interference from the Biological Matrix Michael Thompson, Sonia Sheikh, Christophe Blaszykowski and Alexander Romaschin, 1, 
Chapter 2 Integrated Chemistries for Analytical Simplification and Point of Care Testing Pankaj Vadgama, Salzitsa Anastasova and Anna Spehar-Deleze, 35, 
Chapter 3 Blood-Glucose Biosensors, Development and Challenges Yuan Wang and Madeleine Hu, 65, 
Chapter 4 Recent Progress in the Electrochemical Detection of Disease-Related Diagnostic Biomarkers Alina Vasilescu, Wolfgang Schuhmann and Szilveszter Gáspár, 89, 
Chapter 5 In Vivo Sensors for Continuous Monitoring of Blood Gases, Glucose, and Lactate: Biocompatibility Challenges and Potential Solutions Megan C. Frost, Alexander K. Wolf and Mark E. Meyerhoff, 129, 
Chapter 6 Peroxynitrite Electrochemical Quantification: Recent Advances and Challenges Serban F. Peteu and Sabine Szunerits, 156, 
Chapter 7 The Diagnosis of Myelodysplastic Syndromes Alison S. Thomas and Christopher McNamara, 182, 
Chapter 8 The Prospects for Real-Time Raman Spectroscopy for Oesophageal Neoplasia Max Almond, Gavin Rhys-Lloyd, Jo Hutchings, Geeta Shetty, Neil Shepherd, Catherine Kendall, Nicholas Stone and Hugh Barr, 201, 
Chapter 9 Volatile Analysis for Clinical Diagnostics Catherine Kendall, Hugh Barr and Naresh Magan, 222, 
Subject Index, 238, 

CHAPTER 1

Biosensor Technology and the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory – Issue of Signal Interference from the Biological Matrix

MICHAEL THOMPSON, SONIA SHEIKH, CHRISTOPHE BLASZYKOWSKP AND ALEXANDER ROMASCHIN

1.1 Laboratory Clinical Biochemical Assays

Assays for biochemicals of clinical interest in biological fluids, tissues or feces can be arbitrarily divided into tests performed in either the clinical biochemistry laboratory or via a point-of-care device. The latter technology often takes the form of a one-use structure that yields a result in a localized environment such as the home, hospital bedside or general practitioner's facility. The blood glucose and pregnancy assay devices, which involve discardable test strips, will be familiar to many. This type of structure has attracted a high level of interest in recent years, not least from the commercial standpoint. Often quoted advantages are said to lie in convenience, speed of analysis and cost savings. There are of course attractive features in certain cases for procuring a measurement in a particular location. Obviously, biosensor devices might be expected to play a major role in this arena. However, the present discussion concentrates on the potential for use of biosensors in the dedicated central biochemistry laboratory, which is typically located in a major hospital for obvious reasons. Assays performed in this type of facility are very wide ranging in scope with samples originating from the areas of diagnosis of medical conditions, toxicology or monitoring of drug therapy. Sera or plasma dominate the types of samples analyzed but many assays also involve various tissues, feces and other bodily fluids such as urine.

Test technology associated with all the various aspects of medicine is a large and expensive operation. In terms of the cost of performing assays, the Province of Ontario, for example, spends well over 1 billion Canadian (CDN) dollars annually, the tests being conducted in both private laboratories and hospital facilities. A large hospital such as St. Michael's in Toronto performs a vast array of tests such as those involving immunology, hematology, bacteriology, mycology, cytology, genetics and various aspects of pathology in addition to biochemical measurements. With respect to the latter, some 3 million tests are performed annually with reagent costs alone being in the region of 2 million CDN dollars. Although not intended to be exhaustive, Table 1.1 provides an overview of the type of biochemical and immuno-assays conducted by the clinical biochemistry on an annual basis together with total numbers comprised of both in- and out-patient tests. The "winner" is the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test, which alone costs several million dollars annually. The equipment employed in the portfolio of clinical measurements ranges from conventional chromatography to sophisticated mass spectrometry, and combinations thereof. As would be expected given the sheer volume of samples, the laboratory is highly automated and robotized. Typically, a blood sample will be bar-coded then centrifuged to extract serum before entering an automated analytical train. Samples may then be directed automatically to their various analytical stations. A good example of a subsequent analysis would be the prevalent magnetic-bead enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for targets where immuno-assay is feasible. Despite the high level of automation incorporated into the analytical train, it should be emphasized that measurements are still performed in a batch-based fashion. Having said that, it is certainly the situation that a number of protocols offer multi-analyte capability, the aforementioned ELISA assay being a case in point.

Biosensor technology - in principle - offers rapid, label-free measurements, which can be conducted in highly automatable configurations. Furthermore, the possibility for multiplying tests using generic sensing physics is certainly an attractive strategy. However, the clear reality is that biosensor devices do not figure prominently in the clinical biochemistry laboratory. Use of ion-selective electrode technology for certain cations might represent a contradiction to this statement, but it could justifiably be argued that these devices do not constitute biosensors anyway! The dearth of biosensor devices in the clinical biochemistry laboratory also appears to be matched by the lack of employment of so-called "lab-on-a-chip" devices, which are generally characterized by microfluidic sample handling. Time will tell but at present neither of these technologies appears to have fulfilled the promise offered. This chapter attempts to evaluate possible reasons for this including a detailed look at one major problem – that of interference by adsorbed species from the biological matrix. In order to provide a backcloth to discuss the issues at stake, we take a prior concise look at biosensor technology. The chapter has something of an emphasis on label-free methodology.

1.2 Biosensor Technology

1.2.1 Biosensor Architecture

A biosensor is composed of chemical recognition sites (probes) attached to a substrate surface that, in turn, is in close proximity and union with a transducer. Ideally, this configuration responds sensitively and selectively to the presence of (bio)chemicals, we term the target or analyte, usually present in the liquid phase. The technology is based on the recognition of species through selective binding of the target to the probe at the substrate surface of the device with such surface presence being converted into an electrical signal. The overall architecture is depicted in Figure 1.1. Note that probes are invariably composed of biological entities such as cells or biochemicals such as antibodies. The sample itself may or may not be of biological origin. An important aspect of biosensor...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2013
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 184973612X
• ISBN 13: 9781849736121
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 246
• Herausgeber: Vadgama Pankaj, Peteu Serban
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: GPSR Kontakt; gpsr@libri.de; ; Europaallee 1; Bad Hersfeld; 36244; Deutschland