The Economic Utilisation of Food Co-Products: Rsc (RSC Green Chemistry, 24) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1849736154 ISBN 13: 9781849736152

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013

Inhaltsangabe

As the world’s population continues to grow so does the demand for food, and in consequence the amount of material left over from food production. No longer considered simply as "waste", many food co-products are being identified as economically-viable raw materials and their potential is enhanced by modern processing technologies and the biorefinery concept.

This book presents a general overview of the current situation, with perspectives from within the food industry and policy makers in the introductory chapters. These are followed by five chapters exploring modern advanced processing techniques. Further chapters are dedicated to separate food groups, including cereals, oils, rice and fish, exploring the potential for making the best use of the co-products generated.

Many of the processing technologies discussed will be familiar to students and practitioners of green chemistry, but the book goes further in presenting examples and case studies, written by active workers in the field from across the globe. Food technicians and process engineers will be amongst the researchers in academia and industry and postgraduate students this book is aimed for.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Project Manager of Sustoil, a project led by the Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence based at the University of York, UK, from 2008-2010.

CSIC, Spain

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The Economic Utilisation of Food Co-Products

By Abbas Kazmi, Peter Shuttleworth

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84973-615-2

Contents

Chapter 1 Green Chemistry and the Biorefinery Abbas Kazmi, 1, 
Chapter 2 Food Waste in the European Union Lucy Nattrass, 25, 
Chapter 3 The Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into High-Value Products: Microwave Pyrolysis Peter Shuttleworth, Vitaly Budarin and Mark Gronnow, 38, 
Chapter 4 Food Wastes Conversion to Products for Use in Chemical and Environmental Technology, Material Science and Agriculture Enzo Montoneri, Alessandra Bianco Prevot, Paola Avetta, Antonio Arques, Luciano Carlos, Giuliana Magnacca, Enzo Laurenti and Silvia Tabasso, 64, 
Chapter 5 Uses of Waste Starch Peter S. Shuttleworth and Nontipa Supanchaiyamat, 110, 
Chapter 6 Food Waste and Catering Waste; Focus on Valorisation of Used Cooking Oil and Recovered Triglycerides Lorenzo Herrero Dávila, 130, 
Chapter 7 Industrial Use of Oil Cakes for Material Applications Antoine Rouilly and Carlos Vaca-Garcia, 185, 
Subject Index, 214, 

CHAPTER 1

Green Chemistry and the Biorefinery

ABBAS KAZMI

University of York, York, UK

Email: sk_abbaskazmi@yahoo.com

1.1 Introduction to the Biorefinery Concept

The core component of all biorefinery definitions is the conversion of biomass into several products (materials, chemicals, energy, food and feed) and the integration of various technologies and processes in the most sustainable way. The definition developed by the International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Task 42 Biorefineries has been widely accepted due to its general and broad character:

"Biorefming is the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy"

This definition includes the following key words:

• biorefinery: concepts, facilities, processes, cluster of industries;

• sustainable: maximising economics, minimising environmental aspects, fossil-fuel replacement, socioeconomic aspects taken into account;

• processing: upstream processing, transformation, fractionation, thermo-chemical and/or biochemical conversion, extraction, separation, down stream processing;

• biomass: crops, organic residues, agroresidues, forest residues, wood, aquatic biomass;

• spectrum: more than one;

• marketable: a market (acceptable volumes and prices) already exists or is expected to be developed in the near future;

• products: both intermediates and final products, i.e. food, feed, materials, and chemicals;

• energy: fuels, power, heat.

Using biomass as a sustainable renewable resource is the only way to replace carbon from fossil sources for the production of the carbon-based products such as chemicals, materials and liquid fuels.

In order to be competitive with crude-oil-based products, an integrated biorefinery strategy has been developed to optimise the added value from biomass. This strategy is mainly based on the transfer of petroleum refineries logic to biomass (raw material fractionation, integration of mass and energy fluxes; integration of processes) in order to be able to produce a spectrum of products and therefore maximising the added value. The approach requires the valorisation of the whole biomass. In other words, a biorefinery concept is based on a zero-waste concept.

Moreover, the biorefinery concept goes beyond the petroleum refineries logic, as it includes the management of sustainability based on a cycle concept. This is obvious for renewable carbon at global scale. The cycle also concerns water and mineral nutrients at the local scale, especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK). Contrary to carbon, these elements have to be left on or reincorporated into the soil to avoid depletion, and thus the use of fossil-based fertilisers to compensate for that soil depletion. More generally, the biorefinery concept includes the management of all sustainability issues, including environmental, economic and societal factors.

According to the project Biorefinery Euroview, "Biorefineries could be described as integrated biobased industries using a variety of technologies to make products such as chemicals, biofuels, food and feed ingredients, biomaterials, fibres and heat and power, aiming at maximising the added value along the three pillars of sustainability (Environment, Economy and Society)".

All biorefineries are biomass-based industries, whereas not all biomass processing plants are biorefineries. It is important to clarify the respective differences in the next section, in order to understand the focus of this biorefinery vision document.

In conventional biomass processing plants, biomass is directly transformed (1st conversion) into a single main product (usually already marketable). In a biorefinery, however, raw products are firstly converted into intermediate products (1st conversion), which are partly or entirely preproducts. These are further processed (2nd conversion) to several end-products or semifinished goods by additional conversion and conditioning steps, predominantly at the same location.

The additional conversion and conditioning steps are carried out to achieve a better valorisation of biomass by transforming the raw product(s) as completely as possible into various value-added end-products.

For a better differentiation of biorefineries, the following listing provides examples of biomass processing plants that are not considered to be biorefineries;

• Plants for biomass conversion that convert the feedstock into one quantitatively dominating, marketable product directly after the primary refining step. Examples are biodiesel plants (main product: biodiesel) or agricultural biogas plants (main product: bioenergy, namely power and heat).

• Plants for biomass conversion that have no combined primary and secondary refining step at the same location. Examples are paper mills without connected pulp mills, separate fermentation plants or starch mills without connected conditioning processes.

• Plants for biomass conversion, where the biomass compounds are not separated, but unmodified or only slightly modified biomass is used or processed. Examples are wood-processing saw mills, or plants producing natural fibre insulation.

A 2030 vision for biorefineries was developed during the FP7 Star-Colibri project that involved European Technology Platforms, Industry Leaders and world-leading academic centres such as the Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence (University of York). Although the work was done in great detail, summaries can be found of this and the 2020 research road map on the project website (www.star-colibri.eu/).

1.1.1 Integration with Existing Industrial Value Chains or Development of New Value Chains

In 2030 many biorefineries will operate at a large-scale commercial level. Most of these biorefineries will be developed based on the integration with existing industrial value chains (top-down approach).

Different biorefineries will be developed based on industrial specificities (sector types) or on geographical specificities (biomass type, quality and availability, infrastructure, presence of a certain industry, etc.). The choice of the technological options (processes, feedstocks, location and scale) within the biorefinery will be made by the industrial actors, based on their competitive advantages (available...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2013
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1849736154
• ISBN 13: 9781849736152
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 234
• Herausgeber: Kazmi Abbas, Shuttleworth Peter
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar