Functional Polymers for Nanomedicine: Rsc (SCc Polymer Chemistry) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1849736200 ISBN 13: 9781849736206

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013

Inhaltsangabe

Interest in the application of nanotechnology to medicine has surged in recent years and could transform the way we diagnose, treat and prevent diseases such as cancer. However, the clinical success of nanomedicine is limited because of problems with toxicity and therapeutic efficacy. To overcome this it is essential to produce new nanosystems with specific functions, which can be achieved by designing new polymers with particular properties that can be used for nanomedicine. Functional Polymers for Nanomedicine provides a complete overview of the different strategies for designing polymers for nanomedicine applications. The first part of the book looks at the current problems and direction in nanomedicine including a review of current design and targeting of nanocarriers. The second part explores the design of polymers with different functions including hyperbranched polymers, polymersomes, polysaccharides, polymeric micelles and zwitterionic polymers and their applications in gene therapy and drug delivery. This timely book is edited by a leading scientist in nanomedicine and provides a suitable introduction and reference source for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and academic and industrial researchers in polymer science, nanotechnology and pharmacy interested in materials for medical applications.

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Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Youqing Shen is Qiushi Chair Professor, NSFC Distinguished Young Scholar and Director of Center for Bionanoengineering (CBNE) at Zhejiang University, China and Adjunct Professor, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, USA. His research interests include polymer reaction engineering, biomaterials, drug delivery, gene delivery, cancer chemotherapy and nanotechnologies.

Youqing Shen is Qiushi Chair Professor, NSFC Distinguished Young Scholar and Director of Center for Bionanoengineering (CBNE) at Zhejiang University, China and Adjunct Professor, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, USA. His research interests include polymer reaction engineering, biomaterials, drug delivery, gene delivery, cancer chemotherapy and nanotechnologies.

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Interest in the application of nanotechnology to medicine has surged in recent years and could transform the way we diagnose, treat and prevent diseases such as cancer. However, the clinical success of nanomedicine is limited because of problems with toxicity and therapeutic efficacy. To overcome this it is essential to produce new nanosystems with specific functions, which can be achieved by designing new polymers with particular properties that can be used for nanomedicine. Functional Polymers for Nanomedicine provides a complete overview of the different strategies for designing polymers for nanomedicine applications. The first part of the book looks at the current problems and direction in nanomedicine including a review of current design and targeting of nanocarriers. The second part explores the design of polymers with different functions including hyperbranched polymers, polymersomes, polysaccharides, polymeric micelles and zwitterionic polymers and their applications in gene therapy and drug delivery. This timely book is edited by a leading scientist in nanomedicine and provides a suitable introduction and reference source for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and academic and industrial researchers in polymer science, nanotechnology and pharmacy interested in materials for medical applications.

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Functional Polymers for Nanomedicine

By Youqing Shen

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84973-620-6

Contents

Chapter 1 Targeted Drug Delivery in Oncology: Current Paradigm and Challenges Darren Lars Stirland and You Han Bae, 1, 
Chapter 2 Targeted Nanomedicines: Challenges and Opportunities Xinpeng Ma, Gang Huang, Yiguang Wang and Jinming Gao, 20, 
Chapter 3 Rational Design of Translational Nanocarriers Qihang Sun, Maciej Radosz and Youqing Shen, 32, 
Chapter 4 Functional Polymers for Gene Delivery Xuan Zeng, Ren-Xi Zhuo and Xian-Zheng Zhang, 63, 
Chapter 5 Functional Hyperbranched Polymers for Drug and Gene Delivery Yue Jin and Xinyuan Zhu, 121, 
Chapter 6 Functional Polymersomes for Controlled Drug Delivery Fenghua Meng, Ru Cheng, Chao Deng and Zhiyuan Zhong, 144, 
Chapter 7 Polymeric Micelle-Based Nanomedicine for siRNA Delivery Xi-Qiu Liu, Xian-Zhu Yang and Jun Wang, 158, 
Chapter 8 Polysaccharide/Polynucleotide Complexes for Cell-Specific DNA Delivery Shinichi Mochizuki and Kazuo Sakurai, 190, 
Chapter 9 Design of Complex Micelles for Drug Delivery Rujiang Ma and Linqi Shi, 207, 
Chapter 10 Zwitterionic Polymers for Targeted Drug Delivery Weifeng Lin, Zheng Wang and ShengFu Chen, 227, 
Chapter 11 Polymer-Based Prodrugs for Cancer Chemotherapy Qihang Sun, Jinqiang Wang, Maciej Radosz and Youqing Shen, 245, 
Chapter 12 Nonviral Vector Recombinant Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Promising Targeted-Delivery Vehicle in Cancer Gene Therapy Yu-Lan Hu, Ying-Hua Fu, Yasuhiko Tabata and Jian-Qing Gao, 261, 
Chapter 13 Near-Critical Micellization for Nanomedicine: Enhanced Drug Loading, Reduced Burst Release Jade Green, Maciej Radosz and Youqing Shen, 281, 
Subject Index, 302, 

CHAPTER 1

Targeted Drug Delivery in Oncology: Current Paradigm and Challenges

DARREN LARS STIRLAND AND YOU HAN BAE

1.1 Targeted Drug Delivery

Targeted drug delivery seeks to improve the therapeutic index, that is, lower the toxicity but increase the efficacy of a drug. Some designs try to minimize side effects to allow a higher dose and increased therapeutic effects. Other designs focus on increasing efficacy to require less drug that could cause side effects. The methods of targeted drug delivery often control both when and where the drug is effective. If the drug could be presented only to the disease in the body, then there would be no side effects and efficacy would be improved with high concentrations in the target area. In this chapter, we focus on the topic of targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. Research has been ongoing for years to accumulate a significant amount of knowledge into the field and fill the literature with the term "targeted drug delivery." Some have very aggressive claims of succeeding at targeted drug delivery and others, perhaps more accurately, state a goal of improving targeted drug delivery. While clear delineations of what targeted drug delivery is and is not would help, there are challenges with the current state of targeted drug delivery that extend beyond defining the term. These challenges are present in both the carrier and the target. Carrier technology has improved greatly, yet still has trouble delivering drug to the target. The target, cancer in the clinical setting, is still resisting treatment. The challenges associated with this problem need to be addressed in order to move forward. The systems may be targeted by design, but they are not hitting the target fully and exclusively.

1.1.1 Origins of Targeted Drug Delivery

The current paradigm of targeted drug delivery is linked to its origins, which are tied to chemotherapy and immunology. Paul Ehrlich was a pioneer in chemotherapy and is known for the metaphor of a magic bullet. The vision of the magic bullet was inspired from his ability to selectively stain bacteria cultures. He reasoned a toxic molecule could be tied to the stains to selectively kill only that target. Targeted drug delivery has been guided by Ehrlich's vision, particularly in the field of cancer therapy. In the context of cancer and chemotherapy, a magic bullet carrying an anticancer drug is administered to the patient to provide exclusive delivery to the cancer. In contemplating the metaphor of a magic bullet, perhaps the body's immune system fits best. It has both mobility and specificity. Immune cells can follow chemical gradients and have specificity with antibodies and cell receptors. Ehrlich himself stated that cancer would be more prevalent if not for the immune system.

1.1.2 Progress in Targeted Drug Delivery

Advances in immunology and the advent of monoclonal antibodies have become an important part of pursuing the vision of a magic bullet. With immunostaining, the targeting application seems flawless and provides motivation for application in cancer therapy. In targeted drug delivery there is a targeting aspect and a therapeutic aspect. Sometimes these monoclonal antibodies can provide a therapeutic effect on their own. However, monoclonal antibodies and other targeting designs are usually incorporated in a variety of therapeutic carriers, such as microemulsions, inorganic nanoparticles, viruses, and polymers. Liposomes are composed of lipids which assemble into vesicles with a bilayer capable of carrying drug molecules. Gold and iron oxide nanoparticles are among the more popular inorganic molecules used. Viral carriers, made by modifying existing viruses or by using certain aspects from them, have also been used in targeted drug delivery of chemotherapeutics. All of these have dimensions on the scale of nanometers and can be described as nanoparticles. While colloidal chemistry and even targeted drug delivery have a long history, nanotechnology and its application in nanomedicine are quickly becoming popular topics. Polymer therapeutics is another major trend in research that seeks after the properties of a magic bullet. Helmut Ringsdorf suggested a standard model that could be used to improve targeted drug delivery by focusing on different components of the polymer to give abilities for imaging, targeting, and drug loading. The Ringsdorf model has been an inspiration for many polymer designs in drug delivery for cancer therapy. It has led to a trend of polymer therapeutics, with researchers devising various ways to give properties to polymers. The versatility in chemistry and molecular architecture is one of the advantages of polymers in targeted drug delivery. With polymer therapeutics and the newly emerging field of nanomedicine, the possibilities are only limited by one's imagination.

Comparative PubMed searches show an exponential increase in the number of articles related to polymer therapeutics and nanomedicine. Companies are willing to invest large amounts for research and development of these products because of their potential to return large profits. Review articles list various targeted drug delivery approaches that are in clinical trials, which include polymer–drug conjugates, monoclonal therapeutics, some that specialize in multidrug resistance, and those classified as nanoparticle-based therapeutics.

1.2 Current Paradigm

The current paradigm associated with targeted drug delivery shapes the design of the drug carriers. Currently, there are certain properties thought to maximize drug delivery to the tumor. First, a stable carrier for the drug can help reduce side effects and increase the therapeutic effect. A stable carrier will mean that the drug is...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2013
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1849736200
• ISBN 13: 9781849736206
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 318
• Herausgeber: Shen Youqing
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar