Conjugated Polymers: A Practical Guide to Synthesis (Rsc Polymer Chemistry, 9, Band 9) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1849737991 ISBN 13: 9781849737999

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013

Inhaltsangabe

Conjugated polymers are gaining a lot of interest due to their inherent functional properties and applications in plastic electronics. Their characteristic charge transporting and conducting properties produces features including coloration, photoluminescence, electroluminescence, photoconductivity, and electrochromism. In order to develop new functional polymers, researchers need the background information on the synthesis of the different polymer systems.

Conjugated Polymers focuses on the practical preparation of conjugated polymers with each chapter discussing a particular type of conjugated polymer including a general explanation of the polymer, experimental details for synthesis and characterization.

Edited by world leading experts in the field of conjugated polymer synthesis, the book serves as a convenient guide for advanced undergraduate level and above.

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Über die Autorinnen und Autoren

Toshio Masuda is currently Professor at the Fukui University of Technology and Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University. His research interests include substituted polyacetylenes, transition metal catalyzed polymerization, gas separation membranes, and polymeric functional materials. He is an associate editor of POLYMER published by Elsevier. He has published about 450 original papers and has received important awards including The Society of Polymer Science, Japan (SPSJ) Award for Outstanding Achievement in Polymer Science and Technology, 2008.

Prof. Dr. Klaus Müllen joined the Max Planck Society in 1989 as one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research. He has published over 1,500 papers and received numerous awards. He has recently received the BASF-Award for Organic Electronics, Franco-German Award of the Société Chimique de France and the Adolf-von-Baeyer-Medal, GDCh. His research interests include graphenes and carbon materials, new polymer-forming reactions including methods of organometallic chemistry and molecular materials with liquid crystalline properties for electronic and optoelectronic devices.

John R. Reynolds is currently Professor, Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science & Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His research encompasses the various aspects of the chemistry and materials science of electroactive and conducting polymers. He has published over 300 peer-reviewed scientific papers and served as co-editor of the Handbook of Conducting Polymers.

Toshio Masuda is currently Professor at the Fukui University of Technology and Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University. His research interests include substituted polyacetylenes, transition metal catalyzed polymerization, gas separation membranes, and polymeric functional materials. He is an associate editor of POLYMER published by Elsevier. He has published about 450 original papers and has received important awards including The Society of Polymer Science, Japan (SPSJ) Award for Outstanding Achievement in Polymer Science and Technology, 2008.

Prof. Dr. Klaus Müllen joined the Max Planck Society in 1989 as one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research. He has published over 1,500 papers and received numerous awards. He has recently received the BASF-Award for Organic Electronics, Franco-German Award of the Société Chimique de France and the Adolf-von-Baeyer-Medal, GDCh. His research interests include graphenes and carbon materials, new polymer-forming reactions including methods of organometallic chemistry and molecular materials with liquid crystalline properties for electronic and optoelectronic devices.

John R. Reynolds is currently Professor, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science and Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His research encompasses the various aspects of the chemistry and materials science of electroactive and conducting polymers. He has published over 300 peer-reviewed scientific papers and served as co-editor of the Handbook of Conducting Polymers.

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Conjugated polymers are gaining a lot of interest due to their inherent functional properties and applications in plastic electronics. Their characteristic charge transporting and conducting properties produces features including coloration, photoluminescence, electroluminescence, photoconductivity, and electrochromism. In order to develop new functional polymers, researchers need the background information on the synthesis of the different polymer systems.

Conjugated Polymers focuses on the practical preparation of conjugated polymers with each chapter discussing a particular type of conjugated polymer including a general explanation of the polymer, experimental details for synthesis and characterization.

Edited by world leading experts in the field of conjugated polymer synthesis, the book serves as a convenient guide for advanced undergraduate level and above.

Aus dem Klappentext

Conjugated polymers are gaining a lot of interest due to their inherent functional properties and applications in plastic electronics. Their characteristic charge transporting and conducting properties produces features including coloration, photoluminescence, electroluminescence, photoconductivity, and electrochromism. In order to develop new functional polymers, researchers need the background information on the synthesis of the different polymer systems.

Conjugated Polymers focuses on the practical preparation of conjugated polymers with each chapter discussing a particular type of conjugated polymer including a general explanation of the polymer, experimental details for synthesis and characterization.

Edited by world leading experts in the field of conjugated polymer synthesis, the book serves as a convenient guide for advanced undergraduate level and above.

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Conjugated Polymers

A Practical Guide to Synthesis

By Klaus Müllen, John R Reynolds, Toshio Masuda

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84973-799-9

Contents

Chapter 1 Pi-Conjugated Polymers: The Importance of Polymer Synthesis John R. Reynolds, 1, 
Chapter 2 Polyacetylenes Kazuo Akagi, 12, 
Chapter 3 Substituted Polyacetylenes Fumio Sanda, Masashi Shiotsuki and Toshio Masuda, 37, 
Chapter 4 Polyphenylenes Takakazu Yamamoto, 61, 
Chapter 5 Polyfluorenes Byung Jun Jung, Hong-Ku Shim and Do-Hoon Hwang, 87, 
Chapter 6 Poly(carbazolylene)s Sung Ju Cho and Andrew C. Grimsdale, 113, 
Chapter 7 Poly(phenylenevinylene)s Wallace W. H. Wong, Helga Seyler and Andrew B. Holmes, 134, 
Chapter 8 Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s and Poly(aryleneethynylene)s Uwe H. F. Bunz, 156, 
Chapter 9 Polythiophenes Dahlia Haynes and Richard MCCullough, 180, 
Chapter 10 Poly(oxythiophene)s Anil Kumar, Sreelekha P. Gopinathan and Rekha Singh, 201, 
Chapter 11 Polypyrroles Pierre Audebert and Fabien Miomandre, 224, 
Chapter 12 Polyanilines Jacob Tarver and Yueh-Lin Loo, 248, 
Chapter 13 Si–Si Bond Polymers, Oligomers, Molecules, Surface, and Materials Michiya Fujiki, 265, 
Chapter 14 Alternating Polyheterocycles Kazuo Tanaka and Yoshiki Chujo, 296, 
Chapter 15 Donor–Acceptor Alternating Copolymers Wentao Li and Wei You, 319, 
Chapter 16 Conjugated Polyelectrolytes Anand Parthasarathy, Xuzhi Zhu and Kirk S. Schanze, 343, 
Chapter 17 Self-Doped Polymers M. Ramesh Kumar and Michael S. Freund, 359, 
Chapter 18 Fused Heterocycle Polymers Sandeep Kaur, Alexander L. Kanibolotsky and Peter J. Skabara, 387, 
Chapter 19 Direct Arylation/Heteroarylation Polycondensation Reactions Lauren G. Mercier, Agnieszka Pron and Mario Leclerc, 422, 
Chapter 20 Chain-Growth Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensations Anton Kiriy and Volodymyr Senkovskyy, 443, 
Subject Index, 471, 

CHAPTER 1

Pi-Conjugated Polymers: The Importance of Polymer Synthesis

JOHN R. REYNOLDS

School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA

Email: reynolds@chemistry.gatech.edu

1.1 Historical Perspective

When one considers the early days of conjugated and conducting polymer synthesis, the early work by Letheby on the oxidation of aniline, presumably forming polyaniline (1), and Dall'Olio et al. on polypyrrole (2) are often referred to as landmark developments in the field. To gain an important historical view, the reader is directed to the work of Rasmussen who provides a perspective on the field where the work of Weiss on polypyrrole, as well as that of Buvet and Jozefowicz on polyaniline, are highlighted. These materials, while completely insoluble and infusible as formed from oxidative polymerization from the parent monomers, served as the basis for inducing electroactivity into polymer systems. Over the years, numerous review articles, book chapters and reviews have issued around the field, most often directed to a class of polymers or type of property they impart, with the 1986, 1998, and 2007 editions of the "Handbook of Conducting Polymers" providing a deep and complete scientific overview (Chart 1.1).

The 1950s saw the Nobel Prize winning work of Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta on coordination polymerization of unsaturated molecules, which provided a route to structurally well-defined polymers. Most known for the development of commercially important polyolefins (e.g. polyethylene and polypropylene), the work of Natta demonstrated that acetylene polymerization could yield the conjugated polymer polyacetylene (CH)X(3) as an infusible grey powder. While the 1960s saw the development of many aromatic units containing polymers, it also became understood that pi-conjugation led to semi-conducting material properties. In one fascinating study, Berets and Smith examined the vapor phase treatment of (CH)X powders with various Lewis acids and bases. In fact, when using BF3 as the reacting dopant, they measured conductivity enhancements by a factor of 1000 on pressed pellets. In this work, they also treated (CH)X with Cl2, yet only saw small conductivity increases by a factor of 5. Interestingly for the discussion that will follow, this work did not use iodine or bromine as an oxidizing system.

Serendipity and careful observation go hand-in-hand in science, and this has been especially important for many discoveries in the conjugated and conducting polymer field. An especially important discovery was the formation of free-standing films of (CH)X by Ito et al. in 1974 caused by rapid polymer- ization of acetylene at a quiescent Ziegler–Natta polymerization initiator system solution. While the Shirakawa research group was mainly dedicated to understanding structural properties (e.g. cis–trans ratios), the fact that these films were mechanically flexible, with a metallic silver luster, suggested important underlying electronic properties.

In a landmark series of experiments, Heeger, MacDiarmid, and Shirakawa combined efforts to study the electronic properties and gas-phase doping of polyacetylene films. Their discovery that treatment of these films with controlled amounts of Cl2, Br2, I2 and AsF5 could yield conductivity enhancements greater than 107, and ultimately yield electronic conductivities in excess of 500 S/cm, demonstrated unprecedented conductivity in an organic polymer. While charge transfer salts, such as those based on tetrathiafulvalene and tetracyanoquinodimethane were known to exhibit high conductivity and metallic properties, the fact that such properties were accessible in the more disordered and flexible polymer films was especially stunning. Researchers around the world quickly picked up on this, and it was demonstrated that the high level of conjugation in the polymer, along with pi-stacking and interchain interactions, all played an important role in the electronic properties. Chemists quickly realized that many polymer structures could be prepared that were fully conjugated; thus, the stage was set for a major synthetic effort. This work has now spanned 30 years and has led from insoluble, infusible, materials that were highly unstable conductors to well-characterized, solution processable polymers with fine structural control that are finding utility across a broad number of applications.

With this background in mind, this book seeks to teach the details of synthetic preparative polymer chemistry in all of the major classes of pi-conjugated polymers that have been developed to researchers in the field. The authors of each chapter have carefully overviewed the various polymer types employed in the field with a special focus on experimental details that yield reproducible and high-quality materials. Prior to moving to those specific chapters, let's take some time to review the general concepts in polymerization that are important for the development of such materials.

1.2 Considerations in Polymerizations

Fundamental polymer chemistry teaches us two main relevant mechanisms for polymerization; specifically step-growth and chain-growth methods. These methods provide polymers with distinctly different structures in terms of repeat unit functionality, molecular weight, and dispersity. As...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2013
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1849737991
• ISBN 13: 9781849737999
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 480
• Herausgeber: Mullen Klaus, Reynolds John R., Masuda Toshio
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: Nicht verfügbar