Electrochemical Strategies in Detection Science (Rsc Detection Science, 6, Band 6) - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1849738319 ISBN 13: 9781849738316

Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015

Inhaltsangabe

Electrochemical methods of chemical analysis have been widely used for many years, most especially the trusty pH electrode and conductivity meter, but also in the mass-manufactured glucose test strips which place electrochemical measurements into the hands of non-scientists. The purpose of this volume is to address recent advances in methods, devices and technology that will enable new widely-used measurement strategies in the future. Surveying research and development advances over the last decade within the areas of electrochemical detection based on new and re-vitalised methods, new materials with enhanced properties and new devices that achieve better electroanalytical signal generation, this will be a vital resource for graduate students and professional electrochemists.

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Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Dr. Sub Reddy (C.Chem. MRSC) obtained his first class degree in Chemistry from the University of Manchester. He received his Ph.D. in Membrane-based Electrochemical Biosensing from the same University (1996). His post-doctoral research interests have included the development of quartz crystal-based biosensors, operating in the liquid phase (University of Wales, Bangor; 1994-1997) and the development of application-specific odour sensors (UMIST, Manchester; 1997-1998). Dr. Reddy was Senior Lecturer in Applied Analytical Chemistry at the University of Surrey and recently moved to the University of Central Lancashire as Senior Lecturer in Analytical Chemistry. Current research interests include the development of smart, permselective and biocompatible molecular imprinted polymers and membrane materials for the sensor/sample interface and the advancement of smart materials-based electrochemical, quartz crystal and optical sensors for medical, food and environmental applications. He is particularly interested in developing hydrogel-based molecularly imprinted polymers (HydroMIPs) for the determination of protein markers and other biomarkers and construction of biosensors. Professor Compton is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and Professor of Chemistry at Oxford University. He is also Editor-in-Chief of Electrochemistry Communications, Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry. In 2011 Professor Compton was awarded the RSC Sir George Stokes Award. Craig Banks is Professor of Nano and Electrochemical Technology at Manchester Metropolitan University, UK.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

Electrochemical methods of chemical analysis have been widely used for many years, most especially the trusty pH electrode and conductivity meter, but also in the mass-manufactured glucose test strips which place electrochemical measurements into the hands of non-scientists.

The purpose of this volume is to address advances that will enable new measurement strategies in the future. Surveying research and development advances based on new methods, materials and devices that achieve improved electroanalytical performances, this collection encompasses chip-based systems, through nanodomain approaches and soft interfaces. This book is a vital resource for graduate students and professional analytical chemists.

Aus dem Klappentext

Electrochemical methods of chemical analysis have been widely used for many years, most especially the trusty pH electrode and conductivity meter, but also in the mass-manufactured glucose test strips which place electrochemical measurements into the hands of non-scientists.

The purpose of this volume is to address advances that will enable new measurement strategies in the future. Surveying research and development advances based on new methods, materials and devices that achieve improved electroanalytical performances, this collection encompasses chip-based systems, through nanodomain approaches and soft interfaces. This book is a vital resource for graduate students and professional analytical chemists.

Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Electrochemical Strategies in Detection Science

By Damien W. M. Arrigan

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2016 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84973-831-6

Contents

Chapter 1 Advances in Stripping Analysis of Metals Anastasios Economou and Christos Kokkinos, 1, 
Chapter 2 Development of Microelectrode-based Biosensors for Biomedical Analysis Anton Guimerà, Elisabet Prats-Alfonso, Rosa Villa and F. Javier del Campo, 19, 
Chapter 3 Principles and Strategies for Microchip Electrophoresis with Amperometric Detection Dulan B. Gunasekara, Manjula B. Wijesinghe, Rachel A. Saylor and Susan M. Lunte, 85, 
Chapter 4 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM): Fundamentals and Applications in Life Sciences Angelika Holzinger, Charlotte Steinbach and Christine Kranz, 125, 
Chapter 5 Electrochemical Detection of Nanoparticles Her Shuang Toh and Richard G. Compton, 170, 
Chapter 6 Nanoelectrodes in Electrochemical Analysis Amélie Wahl and Alan O'Riordan, 205, 
Chapter 7 Carbon Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Detection Jonathan P. Metters and Craig E. Banks, 229, 
Chapter 8 Dispersible Electrodes: An Approach to Developing Sensing Devices that can Quickly Detect Ultralow Concentrations of Analyte Saimon Moraes Silva and J. Justin Gooding, 279, 
Chapter 9 Amperometric Ion Sensing Approaches at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces for Inorganic, Organic and Biological Ions Hye Jin Lee, Damien W. M. Arrigan, Md. Nurul Karim and Hyerim Kim, 296, 
Chapter 10 Electrochemical Detection Using Ionic Liquids Debbie S. Silvester and Leigh Aldous, 341, 
Subject Index, 387, 

CHAPTER 1

Advances in Stripping Analysis of Metals

ANASTASIOS ECONOMOU AND CHRISTOS KOKKINOS

1.1 Introduction

Electrochemical stripping analysis (SA) has been established as a successful trace analysis technique for more than three decades. Stripping analysis is a general term that encompasses a wide family of electroanalytical techniques that make use of a "preconcentration" step of the analyte on the surface of the working electrode. In SA, the preconcentration step is followed by the detection step in which the accumulated analyte is detected and quantified by means of a voltammetric or chronopotentiometric scan. While in solution-phase electrochemical detection the redox signal is determined by the rate of mass transport of the electroactive analyte to the electrode surface, in SA the redox signal is determined by the amount of the accumulated analyte. Therefore, the accumulation step is responsible for the high sensitivity of SA whereas the different potential methods of accumulation of the analyte on the working electrode (discussed in Section 1.2) and the multi-parametric nature of SA provide versatility, wide applicability and enhanced selectivity. Typical metals and semi-metals that can be determined with SA are listed in Table 1.1. The theory and practice of SA are described in specialized monographs and general review articles.

A brief account of the birth and gradual evolution of SA is provided in earlier work. SA was first conceptualized and applied in 1931 by Zbinden to determine low concentrations of copper at a platinum electrode. However, not until the 1950s was SA revisited when the hanging mercury drop electrode was developed by Kemula. In the same decade, the remarkable sensitivity of SA was stressed by many workers and new types of thin mercury-film electrodes were introduced. In the 1960s, the theory for SA and pulsed potential–time waveforms was developed. The commercial availability of low cost multi-purpose apparatus and the expanding use of SA to many new analytical applications took place in the 1970s. The development of non-electrolytic preconcentration approaches and of automated flow-through manifolds, together with the introduction of microelectrodes for SA, dominated the 1980s and 1990s. Recent advances in SA are concentrated on research on new eco-friendly electrode materials, the extended use of microfabrication technologies and miniaturization and the development of integrated devices for on-site monitoring. Therefore, this chapter will not focus on specific applications but will try to highlight developments in sensor types, fabrication and materials.

1.2 The Principle of Stripping Analysis

The distinctive feature of SA in comparison to other electroanalytical techniques is the accumulation/preconcentration step. In most applications involving analysis of metals, preconcentration is carried out with electrolysis of the target metal cations to the respective metals (and some special cases to metal oxides) and deposition on the surface of the working electrode (Figure 1.1A). Following accumulation, the accumulated metals are oxidized (or the metal oxides reduced) to the respective cations and stripped back into the solution. Depending on the nature of the working electrode surface, the deposited metal can form a thin film, an amalgam or an alloy with the electrode. Reduction of metals on inert electrodes (such as carbon, platinum or boron-doped diamond) proceeds via the formation of a monolayer of the target metal (underpotential deposition, UPD) followed by the deposition of the bulk-phase metal. Although simple and potentially useful, electrolytic preconcentration on inert solid electrodes is characterized by multiple stripping peaks that are hard to interpret. This is due to the easy formation of intermetallic compounds on the electrode surface and to the different oxidation (stripping) potentials associated with the different states of the metal deposits. Amalgams are typically generated when heavy metals deposit on mercury electrodes or during the deposition of mercury on gold electrodes. Finally, alloys are formed when bismuth, tin or antimony electrodes are used for electrolytic accumulation of alloy-forming metals. Amalgamation and alloying facilitate the electrolytic deposition and stripping of metals and lead to stripping signals that are easier to interpret. Following electrolytic accumulation, the stripping step can be performed by an anodic voltammetric scan, a constant oxidation current or by a chemical oxidizing agent.

Non-electrolytic accumulation can be alternatively employed for metals that are not amenable to electrolytic deposition, are not readily oxidized during the stripping step or produce overlapping oxidation stripping peaks with other target or interfering species when accumulated by electrolysis. The adsorptive mode of accumulation involves addition of a selective complexing ligand (such as dimethylglyoxime, catechol, 8-hydroxyquinoline) with surface-active properties in the sample (Figure 1.1B-a). The metal cations form a complex with the ligand and the complex is then physisorbed on the electrode surface. The stripping step is usually based on the reduction of the metal cation in the accumulated complex but the reduction of the ligand or catalytic effects can be also exploited. A second strategy is based on the utilization of chemically-modified electrodes. In this case, the working electrode is bulk- or surface-modified with a suitable agent that can selectively bind the target metal cation. In the context of SA of metals, accumulation at chemically-modified electrodes can proceed by electrostatic interactions (with a clay or ion-exchanger modifier) or complexation (with a complexing ligand as the modifier). When the electrode is immersed in the sample, the modifier on the electrode interacts and binds with the target metal cations, which are accumulated on the electrode surface...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2015
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1849738319
• ISBN 13: 9781849738316
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 424
• Herausgeber: Arrigan Damien
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: GPSR Kontakt; gpsr@libri.de; ; Europaallee 1; Bad Hersfeld; 36244; Deutschland