A Future for the Excluded: Job Creation and Income Generation by the Poor : Clodomir Santos De Morais and the Organizational Workshop - Softcover

Softcover

ISBN 10: 1856497038 ISBN 13: 9781856497039

Verlag: Bloomsbury 3PL, 2000

Inhaltsangabe

Clodomir Santos de Morais is to organizational and entrepreneurial literacy what his Brazilian confrere, Paulo Freire, is to ordinary literacy. This book introduces for the first time in English the experiences of grassroots development workers who have applied his ideas of the Organization Workshop (OW) and capacitation in highly diverse social settings. One of the most exciting aspects of de Morais's methods of working with the most marginalized sectors of society is their relevance not just to Third World countries, but also to Eastern Europe's economies in transition and the most deprived areas of the industrialized countries.

This highly distinctive grassroots development approach to empowering socially excluded strata in economic and organizational terms holds out the prospect of becoming a very important factor in the struggle against poverty.

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Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Raff Carmen currently coordinates the Masters and post-graduate research programmes in Adult Education, Adult Literacy and Rural Social/Community Development at the University of Manchester.

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A Future for the Excluded

Job Creation and Income Generation by the Poor: Clodomir Santos de Morais and the Organization Workshop

By Raff Carmen, Miguel Sobrado

Zed Books Ltd

Copyright © 2000 Raff Carmen and Miguel Sobrado
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-85649-703-9

Contents

Preface, x, 
Preliminary Note on Translating 'Latino' Terms into English Raff Carmen, xv, 
Notes on the Contributors, xx, 
Abbreviations, xxiii, 
I Context and History, 1, 
1 Those Who Don't Eat and Those Who Don't Sleep Raff Carmen and Miguel Sobrado, 2, 
2 Clodomir Santos de Morais: The Origins of the Large-scale Capacitation Theory and Method Miguel Sobrado, 14, 
II Theoretical Perspectives, 25, 
3 The Large Group Capacitation Method and Social Participation: Theoretical Considerations Clodomir Santos de Morais, 26, 
4 From Paulo Freire to Clodomir Santos de Morais: from Critical to Organizational Consciousness Jacinta Castelo Branco Correia, 39, 
III The Organization Workshop in Practice, 51, 
The OW in Central and South America, 51, 
5 From Navvies to Entrepreneurs: The OW in Costa Rica Miguel Sobrado, 52, 
6 Sacked Agricultural Workers Take on the Multinationals in Honduras Benjamin Erazo, 60, 
7 The Mexican Experience Juan José Rojas Herrera, 70, 
8 The OW in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru Miguel Sobrado, 81, 
9 Three Decades of Work with OWs in Latin America Leopoldo Sandoval, 88, 
The OW in Africa, 91, 
10 'Doing Enterprises' in Wartime and Post-war Mozambique Isabel Labra and Ivan Labra, 92, 
11 In Angola, Guinea Bissau and Sao Tomé e Principe Paulo Roberto da Silva, 109, 
12 Hard Learning in Zimbabwe (SADET) and in Post-civil War Mozambique Isabel Labra and Ivan Labra, 115, 
13 Organization Development (OD) and the Moraisean OW in South Africa and Botswana Gavin Andersson, 131, 
The OW in Europe and Other Industrial Countries, 145, 
14 The Potential of the OW in the Former Soviet Bloc Countries and in Economies in Crisis Miguel Sobrado, 146, 
15 Post-Salazar Portugal: The First European SIPGEI Isabel Labra and Ivan Labra, 152, 
16 The Crisis of Work and the Welfare Reform Plans in Western Countries Raff Carmen, 162, 
IV From Local OWs to National Employment-generation Systems, 173, 
17 The Brazilian PROGEI-SIPGEIs of the 1980s and 1990s Jacinta Castelo Branco Correia, 174, 
18 The PAE and the Self-employment Project in Brazil Walter Barelli, 188, 
19 The OW and Civil Society in Brazil Jacinta Castelo Branco Correia, 193, 
20 The OW's Potential: Concluding Observations Miguel Sobrado, 204, 
Selective Bibliography of Works by and on Clodomir Santos de Morais, 218, 
Index, 223, 

CHAPTER 1

Those Who Don't Eat and Those Who Don't Sleep

Raff Carmen and Miguel Sobrado

The twentieth century was marked by conflict: apart from two world wars and countless local wars, there was the grand ideological divide between left and right, between socialism and capitalism, and more recently between governance by the public institutions of the state and the private institutions of the market. In the new century the only struggles that matter will be between the proportionally small group of the Included, whose success is based on ever greater concentrations of power and wealth, and the vast majority of the Excluded; between the global and the local; between individualism and solidarity; between the 'culture of power' vested in the institutions set up by global capital and the 'power of culture' vested in civil society. The millions of unemployed and the countless further millions teetering on the edge of survival in shanty-towns and urban slums all over the world, the losers, also known as 'marginals', in actual fact are as integral (or non-marginal) a part of the global win–lose economy as the winners. 'The margin' as a figure of speech trivializes and purposely marginalizes the vast majority of humanity who are, de facto, excluded. While poverty may always have been with us, its underlying causes have varied greatly according to the historical period. Capitalism, with its inbuilt unlimited competition drive, generates its own particular brand of poverty, generically different from the poverties experienced in any previous period, be it in feudal times or under slavery, for example, when the idea that the slave or serf should stay alive, be it only in the (self-)interest of the master, made good economic sense.

Globalization has changed all that. Globalization makes unprecedented concentrations of wealth ever more possible and feasible, with the new rich of the globalization era, a mere 225 of them, owning in excess of $1,000 billion, the equivalent of the annual income of 47 per cent of the entire world population (UNDP 1998). The extremes resulting from the disaggregation of well-being from development are at their most vivid in the 'gated city' phenomenon. These affluent ghettos, inside which the super-rich are cocooned in their sumptuous living spaces, are hermetically sealed from 'the rest of us'. There is little difference between the gated cities on the outskirts of Johannesburg and the phoney privacy of 'Alphaville', near Sao Paulo, Brazil, where mini-armies of paramilitaries, razor wire, dogs and closed-circuit television ward off the menacing ugliness beyond, which the inhabitants of the gated cities have in no small measure helped to create (Whitacker 1998; Martin and Schumann 1997).

Echoing Josué de Castro's 'geography of hunger' metaphor, de Morais speaks of a world divided between 'those who don't eat' and 'those who don't sleep', those 'not sleeping' not doing so because they are 'in permanent fear of those who do not eat'. The classical metaphor for 'prison', the steel-barred window, behind which not prisoners but citizens now cower, has become an almost 'normal' feature of end-of-century town architecture anywhere (de Morais 1997). With the gradual breakdown and subsequent disappearance of the 'economy of affection' (Hyden) – overtaken by the centripetal forces of the nuclear family, among many others – and the state's professed inability to continue to provide welfare, health and education for its citizens, just staying alive has become a never-ending act of almost superhuman resourcefulness on the part of the excluded. 'Families are becoming more nuclear. People, in the end, need more cash to survive,' declares a recent Oxfam report (Oxfam 1999).

Those living in tropical climes, to which foreign visitors travel great distances for holidays, would not normally think of emigrating to countries with colder, harsher climates, except, that is, in case of a severe dearth of local job opportunities. If things continue the way they are, the 'gated cities' of Jo'burg, Sao Paulo and elsewhere may soon prove to have been but a paltry foretaste of what is to happen on an international scale: namely the hungry, the unemployed and the excluded laying siege to a fortress Europe, USA or Australia, with 'millions upon millions of Africans, Asians and Latin Americans trying to slip between the mazes of the net or the loopholes in the legislation designed to keep them out' (de Morais, at the Manchester conference, March 1998).

Late twentieth-century neo-liberalism, the most recent stage of marketization, flooded into the space left by the now defunct social democratic consensus, while creating a huge social vacuum of its own. 'Social deficit' not only consists of in-country and inter-country...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Bloomsbury 3PL
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2000
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 1856497038
• ISBN 13: 9781856497039
• Einband: Taschenbuch
• Anzahl der Seiten: 258
• Herausgeber: Carmen Raff, Sobrado Miguel
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Nicht verfügbar
• Verantwortliche Person: gpsr@libri.de; gpsr@libri.de; ; Friedensallee 273; Hamburg; 22763; Deutschland