Green Separation Processes: Methods and Applications - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 3527309853 ISBN 13: 9783527309856

Verlag: Wiley-VCH, 2005

Inhaltsangabe

This timely book is the first to provide a comprehensive overview of all important aspects of this modern technology with the focus on the "green aspect". The expert authors present everything from reactions without solvents to nanostructures for separation methods, from combinatorial chemistry on solid phase to dendrimers. The result is a ready reference packed full of valuable facts on the latest developments in the field - high-quality information otherwise widely spread throughout articles and reviews.From the contents:* Green chemistry for sustainable development* New synthetic methodologies and the demand for adequate separation processes* New developments in separation processes* Future trends and needsIt is a "must-have" for every researcher in the field.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

C. Afonso is Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering in Lisbon, Portugal. His research interests are the development of more environment friendly synthetic organic methodologies, asymmetric catalysis and ionic liquids.
J. Crespo is Professor at the Department of Chemistry, FCT-Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal and is interested in the development of selective membrane bioreactors and the study of membrane processes for separation of biological products from dilute streams.

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Green Separation Processes

Fundamentals and Applications

John Wiley & Sons

Copyright © 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-3-527-30985-6

Chapter One

Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development

Green Chemistry and Environmentally Friendly Technologies

James H. Clark

1.1.1 Introduction

"Green Chemistry" is the universally accepted term to describe the movement towards more environmentally acceptable chemical processes and products. It encompasses education, research, and commercial application across the entire supply chain for chemicals. Green Chemistry can be achieved by applying environmentally friendly technologies - some old and some new. While Green Chemistry is widely accepted as an essential development in the way that we practice chemistry, and is vital to sustainable development, its application is fragmented and represents only a small fraction of actual chemistry. It is also important to realize that Green Chemistry is not something that is only taken seriously in the developed countries. Some of the pioneering research in the area in the 1980s was indeed carried out in developed countries including the UK, France, and Japan, but by the time the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) coined the term "Green Chemistry" in the 1990s, there were good examples of relevant research and some industrial application in many other countries including India and China.

The Americans launched the high profile Presidential Green Chemistry Awards in the mid-1990s and effectively disclosed some excellent case studies covering products and processes. Again, however, it is important to realize that there were many more good examples of Green Chemistry at work long before this - for example, commercial, no-solvent processes were operating in Germany and renewable catalysts were being used in processes in the UK but they did not get the same publicity as those in the United States.

The developing countries that are rapidly constructing new chemical manufacturing facilities have an excellent opportunity to apply the catchphrase of Green Chemistry "Benign by Design" from the ground upwards. It is much easier to build a new, environmentally compatible plant from scratch than to have to deconstruct before reconstructing, as is the case in the developed world.

In this chapter I shall start by exploring the drivers behind the movement towards Green and Sustainable Chemistry. These can all be considered to be "costs of waste" that effectively penalize current industries and society as a whole. After a description of Green Chemistry I will look at the techniques available to the chemical manufacturers. This leads naturally into a more detailed discussion about methods of evaluating "greenness" and how we should apply sustainability concepts across the supply chain. It is important that, while reading this, we see Green Chemistry in the bigger picture of sustainable development as we seek to somehow satisfy society's needs without compromising the survival of future generations.

1.1.2 Objectives for Green Chemistry: The Costs of Waste

Hundreds of tonnes of hazardous waste are released to the air, water, and land by industry every hour of every day. The chemical industry is the biggest source of such waste. Ten years ago less than 1% of commercial substances in use were classified as hazardous, but it is now clear that a much higher proportion of chemicals presents a danger to human health or to the environment. The relatively small number of chemicals formally identified as being hazardous was due to very limited testing regulations, which effectively allowed a large number of chemicals to be used in everyday products without much knowledge of their toxicity and environmental impact. New legislation will dramatically change that situation. In Europe, REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Assessment of Chemicals) will come into force in the first decade of the twenty-first century and whilst, at the time of writing, the final form of the legislation has yet to be decided, it is clear that it will be the most important chemicals-related legislation in living memory and that it will have a dramatic effect on chemical manufacturing and use. REACH will considerably extend the number of chemicals covered by regulations, notably those that have been on market since 1981 (previously exempt), will place the responsibility for chemicals testing with industry, and will require testing whether the chemical is manufactured in Europe or imported for use there. Apart from the direct costs to industry of testing, REACH is likely to result in some chemical substances becoming restricted, prohibitively expensive, or unavailable. This will have dramatic effects on the supply chain for many consumer goods that rely on multiple chemical inputs.

Increased knowledge about chemicals, and the classification of an increasing number of chemical substances as being in some way "hazardous", will have health and safety implications, again making the use of those substances more costly and difficult. Furthermore, it will undoubtedly cause local authorities and governments to restrict and increase the costs of disposal of waste containing those substances (or indeed waste simply coming from processes involving such substances). Thus, legislation will increasingly force industry and the users of chemicals to change - both through substitution of hazardous substances in their processes or products and through the reduction in the volume and hazards of their waste.

The costs of waste to a chemical manufacturing company are high and diverse (Fig. 1.1-1) and, for the foreseeable future, they will get worse.

These costs and other pressures are now evident throughout the supply chain for a chemical product - from the increasing costs of raw materials, as petroleum becomes more scarce and carbon taxes penalize their use, to a growing awareness amongst end-users of the risks that chemicals are often associated with, and the need to disassociate themselves from any chemical in their supply chain that is recognized as being hazardous (e.g. phthalates, endocrine disrupters, polybrominated compounds, heavy metals, etc.; Fig. 1.1-2)

1.1.3 Green Chemistry

The term Green Chemistry, coined by staff at the US EPA in the 1990s, helped to bring focus to an increasing interest in developing more environmentally friendly chemical processes and products. There were good examples of Green Chemistry research in Europe in the 1980s, notably in the design of new catalytic systems to replace hazardous and wasteful processes of long standing for generally important synthetic transformations, including Friedel-Crafts reactions, oxidations, and various base-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. Some of this research had led to new commercial processes as early as the beginning of the 1990s.

In recent years Green Chemistry has become widely accepted as a concept meant to influence education, research, and industrial practice. It is important to realize that it is not a subject area in the way that organic chemistry is. Rather, Green Chemistry is meant to influence the way that we practice chemistry - be it in teaching children, researching a route to an interesting molecule, carrying out an analytical procedure, manufacturing a chemical or chemical formulation, or designing a product. Green Chemistry has been promoted worldwide by an increasing but still small number of dedicated individuals and through the activities of some key organizations. These include the Green Chemistry...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Wiley-VCH
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2005
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 3527309853
• ISBN 13: 9783527309856
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Anzahl der Seiten: 363
• Herausgeber: Afonso Carlos A. M., Crespo Joao P.
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Wiley-VCH GmbH; product_safety@wiley.com; ; Boschstrasse 12; Weinheim; 69469; Deutschland