Reliable and metrologically comparable results of quantitative analytical methods are essential to assure that decisions taken on their basis have meaning and context. Problems with combining measurement results, calculating their uncertainties and establishing metrological traceability can prove complicated and ambiguous for measurement scientists. Combining and Reporting Analytical Results discusses in detail the problems faced by scientists, and presents a variety of approaches across biological, chemical and environmental sciences to resolving these types of issues. Topics include: validated methods of analysis; application of internal quality control procedures; participation in proficiency testing schemes; metrological traceability of measurement results and associated uncertainties, as well as some quality system issues and formal accreditation. Written by leading experts, and with worked examples and illustrations throughout, this invaluable reference source is ideal for analysts from various scientific fields.

Combining and Reporting Analytical Results

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Contents

Environmental Metrology: the Italian Approach M. Belli, 1, 
Comparability and Quality of Experimental Data Under Different Quality Systems S. Caroli, 8, 
The Role of Traceability in Sustainable Development: the UNIDO Approach O. Loesener, L. M. Dhaoui, 14, 
Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurements — Metrological or Management Effort M. Prošek, A. Golc-Wondra, and M. Fir, 26, 
Combination of Results from Several Measurements — An Everlasting Problem W. Hässelbarth and W. Bremser, 34, 
Metrological Characteristics of the Conventional Measurement Scales for Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotope Amount Ratios: The δ-Scales M. Gröning, 62, 
Experience with Metrological Traceability and Measurement Uncertainty in Clinical Chemistry A. Kallner, 73, 
Traceability of pH in a Metrological Context G. Meinrath, M.F. Camões, P. Spitzer, H. Bühler, M. Máriássy, K. Pratt, and C. Rivier, 85, 
Determination of PCBs in Organic Solutions: An Example of Traceability Chain M. Sega and E. Amico di Meane, 92, 
Quality Control of pH Measurements Considering Activity and Concentration Scales: Uncertainty Budget of Primary and Secondary Apparatuses P. Fisicaro, E. Ferrara, E. Prenesti, and S. Berto, 96, 
Metrology in Complex Situations: Experiences with Thermodynamic Data G. Meinrath, S. Lis, and A. Kufelnicki, 104, 
Some Traceability Problems in Analytical Assays of interest in Thermal Metrology F. Pavese, 110, 
Developments in Uncertainty Evaluation: The Activity of JCGM/WG1 W. Bich and F. Pennecchi, 117, 
How to Combine Results Having Stated Uncertainties: To MU or Not to MU? D. L. Duewer, 27, 
Uncertainty and Traceability: The View of the Analytical Chemist A. Sahuquillo and G. Rauret, 143, 
Propagating Non-normally Distributed Uncertainty — The Ljungskile Code A. Ödegaard-Jensen, G. Meinrath, and Ch. Ekberg, 154, 
A Systematic Approach in the Evaluation of Uncertainty in Analytical Chemistry — Application to ICP-AES Analysis P. Carconi, R. Gatti, G. Zappa, and C. Zoani, 161, 
Self-Referring Procedure for the Full Cell Calibration of a Dynamic Gas Devider R. Beltramini Boveri, 168, 
Investigation of Uncertainty Related to Measurement of Particulate Organic Pollutants A. Cecinato, C. Balducci, A. Di Merino Di Bucchianico, 173, 
Micronucleus Test in Fish Peripheral Erythrocytes: Variability in the Microscope Scoring D. Conti, S. Barbizzi, V. Bellaria, A. Pati, S. Balzamo, M. Belli, 176, 
Evaluation of intrinsic Uncertainty in the k0-NAA T. Bucar and B. Smodiš, 187, 
Reporting of Uncertainty in Environmental Monitoring of Radionuclides B. Varga and S. Tarján, 195, 
The Use of Reference Materials in International Refeence Measurement Systems and for Comparison of Analytical Data H. Emons, 205, 
The CSM Approach to the Calculation of the Uncertainty in XRF Analysis of Low- and High-Alloyed Steels E. Celia and F. Falcioni, 216, 
Comparison of Different Approaches to Evaluate Proficiency Test Data A. Shakhashiro, A. Fajgelj, and U. Sansone, 220, 
Distribution of Proficiency Testing Results and Their Comparability I. Kuselman, 229, 
Inter-Laboratory Comparison: the APAT Approach P. de Zorzi, S. Balzamo, S. Barbizzi, S. Gaudino, A. Pali, S. Rosamilia, M. Belli, 240, 
Proficiency Testing in the Biomedical Field: from Definitions of Targets to Use of Data from End-Users M. Patriarca, I. Altieri, M. Castelli, F. Chiodo, A. Semeraro and A. Menditto, 248, 
Measurement Uncertainty Its Role in Proficiency Testing Scheme — Case Study ILC Waste Water M. Cotman, A. Drolc, and M. Roš, 263, 
The Proficiency Testing of Laboratories: A First Approach to Implement Bayesian Methods in the Assessment of Performance R. Núñez-Lagos, M. Barrera, and M. L. Romero, 269, 
The En, Uscore, and Accuracy Parameters — A Topic to Debate Em. Cincu, I. Cazan, and V. Manu, 275, 
Collaborative Study for Pesticides Residues Determination in Water Samples (Method 5060 APAT-IRSA CNR) — Project 4b L. 93/01 M. Antoci, S. Barbizzi, B. Bencivenga, D. Centioli, S. Finocchiaro, M. Fiore, F. Fiume, V. Giudice, M. Lorenzin, M. C. Manca, M. Morelli, E. Sesia, and M. Volante, 284, 
Gross α/β Measurements in Drinking Waters by Liquid Scintillation Technique: Validation and interlaboratory Comparison Data I. Lopes and M. J. Madruga, 294, 
Improvement of a Radiochemical Laboratory Through Fourteen Years Participation in a Intercomparison Program M. H. T. Taddei, 301, 
Subject Index, 307,