Endoscopy

This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -InhaltsangabeI - Diagnostic Endoscopy.- I - Endoscopic armamentarium.- A. Endoscopes.- I. Direct vision endoscopes.- 1. Advantages.- 2. Cystoscopes.- 3. Urethroscopes.- a) Internal illumination.- b) External illumination.- IL Lens endoscopes.- 1. Advantages.- 2. Optical systems used in endoscopes.- a) Right angle.- b) Obliquely forward.- c) Retrograde.- d) Directly forward.- e) Adjustable.- 3. Telescopes.- a) Wiring circuit.- b) Catheter guides and deflectors.- c) Protection of catheters.- d) Carriage for telescopes.- III. Endoscope sheaths.- 1. Illumination. Types of sheaths.- 2. Beaks and fenestrae of sheaths.- 3. Light posts.- 4. Stopcocks.- 5. Obturators.- 6. Locks.- IV. Sizes of endoscopes.- V. Instruments designed for endoscopic surgery.- 1. Stern McCarthy visual prostatic electrotome.- 2. Resectoscope made by Wolf (Germany).- 3. Modifications of the McCarthy electrotome.- 4. Visual lithotrites.- Telescope.- B. Instruments used through endoscopes.- I. Electrodes.- II. Forceps, rongeurs, and scissors.- III. Infiltration needles.- IV. Ureteral catheters (Chap. II).- V. Special ureteral catheters.- VI. Ureteral instruments.- 1. Bougies.- 2. Calculus dislodgers.- a) Wire basket.- b) Looped ureteral catheter.- c) Forceps.- 3. Transilluminator.- C. Cystoscopic attachments.- I. Cystoscope holders.- II. Teaching attachment.- III. Photographic attachments.- D. Sources of light for endoscopes.- I. Bulbs.- II. Quartz tube.- III. Batteries.- IV. Electric house current.- E. Care and maintenance of endoscopes.- I. Routine care.- 1. Basic precautions to prevent breakage.- 2. Disinfection.- II. Minor repairs and adjustments.- 1. Light failure.- a) Light bulb.- b) Contact rings of lamp post.- c) Contacts between cord and lamp post.- d) Light cord.- e) Connection of cord to battery terminals.- f) Rheostat.- g) Connections inside battery container.- h) Batteries.- 2. Blurred vision.- F. The cystoscopic room (theatre).- I. Aseptic technique, cleanliness and decorum.- II. Floor.- III. Electric switches.- IV. Darkened room.- V. Anesthetic equipment.- G. Cystoscopic room equipment.- I. Cystoscopic table.- II. Cystoscopic stools.- III. Irrigating fluid supply.- 1. Flask system.- 2. Sterilizer near ceiling.- 3. Pressurized from container on floor.- 4. Water sterilizer-pitcher-jar.- 5. Control of water by foot switch.- H. Endoscopic armamentarium in the armed forces.- II - The cystoscopic procedure.- A. Value of properly performed cystoscopy.- The cystoscopist.- 1. Training.- 2. Dexterity.- B. Indications and contraindications for cystoscopy.- I. Indications.- II. Contraindications.- C. Routine supplies for cystoscopy.- I. Sterile set-up.- II. Lubrication.- III. Drapes.- IV. Media for distending bladder.- 1. Water.- 2. Urine.- 3. Oil.- 4. Air.- D. Preparation of the patient.- I. Prophylactic antibiosis.- II. Bowel preparation.- III. Analgesia.- IV. General or spinal anesthesia.- V. Local anesthesia.- 1. Anesthetic agents.- 2. Application.- 3. Untoward reactions.- E. Position of the patient.- F. Checking of equipment.- I. Instruments.- II. Light bulbs.- G. Introduction of the cystoscope.- I. Information gained from passing the cystoscope.- 1. Stricture.- 2. Elevated posterior lip.- 3. Elongated prostatic urethra.- 4. Residual urine.- II. The causes of difficulties encountered during passage of the cystoscope.- H. Procedures for obtaining clear visualization.- I. Adequate intensity of illumination of the interior of the bladder.- II. Distention of the bladder.- III. Washing debris from the bladder.- IV. Manipulation of the inflow of fluid through the sheath.- V. Proper manipulation of the objective lens.- I. Orientation with different lenses (see Chap. I).- J. Routine bladder examination.- I. Blind spot.- II. Diverticular cavity.- K. Ureteral catheterization.- I. Ureteral catheters.- 1. Tips.- a) Whistle.- b) Olive.- c) Coudé.- d) Filiform.- e) Conical or Garceau and Braasch bulb. …