Welcome to the Second Edition of The Essential Human Anatomy Compendium, which is a study guide in the format of LECTURE OUTLINE NOTES compiled from various university instructors nationwide. Students have found that using this essential study guide is a major positive step toward excelling in their college-level (or advanced high school level) Human Anatomy course. How is our study guide different from others already in publication? The format of this book is the outline form, which lends itself to easy perusing. KEY WORDS or PHRASES are EMPHASIZED VISUALLY and as CONCISELY as possible, in order to break up the monotony, which is often seen in long-winded textbooks. Though the goal is brevity, these outline notes still provide COPIOUS INFORMATION, which is not represented in other study guides in existence. The approach of this study guide is to allow the student to comprehend the gist of basic anatomical concepts. Additionally, this compendium includes sample multiple-choice questions, which will prepare you for the key levels of anatomy exam questions. This latest edition contains 50% more practice questions! This book should be used as a key study tool, which ideally supplements any introductory or intermediate Human Anatomy textbooks. We have intentionally excluded figures from this study guide to compel students to use it as a primary reference, best used in conjunction with the assigned textbook. Whether your academic training specialty is in Nursing, Dentistry, Dental Hygiene, Occupational or Physical Therapy, Athletic Training, Exercise Science, Pharmacy, or other Allied Health disciplines, you will undoubtedly find this study guide will help you excel in the subject of anatomy.
The Essential Human Anatomy Compendium
A Comprehensive and Concise Study Guide for Success in Introductory Anatomy CoursesBy H.P. DoyleAuthorHouse
Copyright © 2009 H.P. Doyle
All right reserved.ISBN: 978-1-4389-8648-7Contents
1 Introduction to Anatomy of the Human Body.............................................................12 The Cell..............................................................................................83 Tissues...............................................................................................15PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1: The Cell and Tissues..............................................................22ANSWER SHEET for PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1...................................................................274 The Integumentary System..............................................................................295 The Skeletal System I: Skeletal Tissues and Skeletal Structure........................................386 The Skeletal System II: The Axial Skeleton............................................................487 The Skeletal System III: The Appendicular Skeleton....................................................638 The Skeletal System IV: Articulations (Joints)........................................................77PRACTICE QUESTIONS 2: The Skeletal System...............................................................86ANSWER SHEET for PRACTICE QUESTIONS 2...................................................................939 The Muscular System I: Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization.................................9510 The Muscular System II: Major Muscles of the Axial Skeleton..........................................10911 The Muscular System III: Major Muscles of the Appendicular Skeleton..................................119PRACTICE QUESTIONS 3: The Muscular System...............................................................140ANSWER SHEET for PRACTICE QUESTIONS 3...................................................................14512 The Nervous System I: Nervous Tissue.................................................................14713 The Nervous System II: The Central Nervous System....................................................15314 The Nervous System III: The Peripheral Nervous System................................................17615 The Nervous System IV: The Autonomic Division of the Nervous System..................................19016 The Nervous System V: The General and Special Senses.................................................20017 The Endocrine System.................................................................................214PRACTICE QUESTIONS 4: The Nervous and Endocrine Systems.................................................222ANSWER SHEET for PRACTICE QUESTIONS 4...................................................................22718 The Cardiovascular System I: Blood...................................................................22919 The Cardiovascular System II: The Heart..............................................................24220 The Cardiovascular System III: Blood Vessels and Circulation.........................................25021 The Lymphoid (Lymph and Immune) System...............................................................265PRACTICE QUESTIONS 5: The Cardiovascular and Lymphoid Systems...........................................272ANSWER SHEET for PRACTICE QUESTIONS 5...................................................................27722 The Respiratory System...............................................................................27923 The Digestive System.................................................................................28924 The Urinary System...................................................................................30525 The Reproductive System..............................................................................317PRACTICE QUESTIONS 6: The Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems.....................334ANSWER SHEET for PRACTICE QUESTIONS 6...................................................................339APPENDIX A: Recommended References......................................................................341APPENDIX B: Answers to Practice Questions...............................................................342
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION to ANATOMY of the HUMAN BODY
ANATOMY (also called morphology - the science of form) is the study of internal and external structures of the human body. Given that specific structures perform specific functions, therefore, structure determines function.
The BRANCHES of ANATOMY include:
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY (fine anatomy) - the study of body structures that cannot be viewed without magnification; includes cytology (the study of cells) and histology (the study of tissues)
GROSS ANATOMY (macroscopic anatomy) - the study of body structures which are visible without the aid of magnification; subclasses include surface anatomy (the study of shapes and markings on the body surface), regional anatomy (the study of all structures in a single body region, superficial or deep) and systemic anatomy (the study of all organs with related functions, i.e. study one organ system at a time)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY - the study of structural changes that occur from conception to physical maturity; its subclass is embryology (the study of structural formation and development before birth)
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY - the study of the anatomy of different types of animals
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY - the study of structural changes in cells tissues, and organs caused by disease
RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY - the study of internal body structures by using noninvasive imaging techniques, such as X-ray imaging and ultrasound
SURGICAL ANATOMY - the study of anatomical landmarks, which are important to surgical procedures
A. LEVELS of STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION of the human body (microscopic to macroscopic):
1. CHEMICAL LEVEL: atoms (building blocks of matter) combine to form small molecules (such as water and carbon dioxide) and larger macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids); i.e., Chemicals (molecules) comprise the entire body.
2. CELLULAR LEVEL: cells are comprised of molecules; they are the smallest living units in the body; cellular organelles are their functional subunits.
3. TISSUE LEVEL: similar types of cells, with a common function, combine to form tissues; four primary tissue types comprise all organs of the human body.
4. ORGAN LEVEL: more than one tissue type (often all four tissues) combine to form organs; extremely complex physiological processes occur at this level.
5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL: organs that work closely together combine to form an organ system, to accomplish a common purpose; there are 11 organ systems of the human body.
6. HUMAN ORGANISM (or organismal level): the highest level of structural organization; this is the combination of all the organ systems functioning together to sustain the life of the organism.
B. The HUMAN BODY'S 11 ORGAN SYSTEMS:
1. Integumentary System - forms the cutaneous membrane (epidermis and dermis), the external body covering; provides protection and thermoregulation; synthesizes vitamin D; provides cutaneous reception through...
