This book focuses on various aspects of maritime security of India. Starting with the changing dimensions of national security, it addresses the issues such as non-traditional threats to security, the threat posed by non state actors, the causes of insecurity and also the imperatives of tackling the human security challenges. The need for a comprehensive change in India's security policy is well exposed and certain policy prescriptions are also given. The oceans are generally meant for better inaction among nations, especially in the era of accelerated pace of globalization. With regard to the coastal security of India the role of coastal community is significant. The needs for inculcating awareness among the coastal community on coastal security matters as well as infrastructure development along the coastal area are also emphasized. It is very important to look into the basic problems of coastal people as they face many human security challenges. When we look into the coastal security a convergence of the national security concerns and human security concerns is visible. The overall development of the coastal area would lead to better human security and better human security would result in enlisting the support of the coastal community to ensure national security program, especially the coastal security. In short, coastal security is not only about protecting the coastal terrain and territorial waters from direct attacks by the state actors or non state actors, but also safeguarding the interests of all stake holders.

Auszug. � Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Maritime Security of India: The Coastal Security Challenges and Policy Options

By Suresh R.

Vij Books India Pvt Ltd

Preface,
Contributors,
Introduction,
PART -I National Security: The Changing Dimensions,
1. Non-Traditional Concept of National Security: A Traditional View Nalini Kant Jha,
2. Changing Dimensions of National Security: The Human Perspective Navniit Gandhi,
3. India's National Security: Concerns and Strategies Mohanan Bhaskaran Pillai,
4. The Indian Ocean Region and Changing Security Dynamics Anu Unny,
PART -II India's Maritime Security Concerns,
5. Maritime Coastal Security Concerns M P Muralidharan,
6. Coastal Security in India: Challenges and Policy Concerns after 26/11 Mumbai Terror Attacks Rajesh Kunayil,
7. Five Years Since 26/11: Is India's Coastal Border Really Secure? Shyna V V & Khursheed Ahmad Wani,
8. Chinese Presence in Gwadar & Its Impact on India's Maritime Security Sudhir Singh,
9. Maritime Rivalry And Energy Security: India And The South China Sea Dispute C. Vinodan,
PART -III India's Maritime Security: The Policy Options,
10. India's Maritime Security: The Policy Options B. Vivekanandan,
11. Maritime Security: An Indian Perspective K. R. Singh,
12. Oceanic and Coastal Security Imperatives for India R S Vasan,
13. Coast Guard and Indian Naval Diplomacy P. V. Rao,
14. India's Maritime Security Policy: Issues and Challenges in the 21st Century Anil Kumar P,
PART -IV Coastal Security of India: A Coastal Community & Legal Perspective,
15. Travails of Fishermen in the Palk Bay: A Possible Solution V. Suryanarayan,
16. Coastal Security Of Tamil Nadu: An Empirical Study To Elicit A Community Perspective S. Utham Kumar Jamadhagni,
17. Coastal Security of India: The Role of Coastal Community Suresh R & Rakhee Viswambharan,
18. Piracy, Use of Force And Criminal Jurisdiction: An Analysis of Enrica Lexie Case In The Light of International Conventions, Guidelines And National Legislations Sandeep Menon N.,

CHAPTER 1

Non-Traditional Concept of National Security: A Traditional View

Nalini Kant Jha

The concept of national security has increasingly come under scrutiny in recent decades from scholars and practitioners alike. It is argued that since the traditional notion of national security put a premium on the security of State and its boundaries, it ignored security of human beings residing within the boundaries of a State. Hence, traditional view of security is regarded as too narrow and militarist view of security. Accordingly, contemporary debate about national security often focuses on transformation of the concept of national security from a narrow prism of territorial security to a wider canvas of human security. It is now argued that while scholars during the Cold War perceived the State as an actor in international politics with a distinct territorial base and sovereign authority without giving much attention to the peoples residing within a State; the end of the Cold War over a decade ago heralded a seminal change about the concept of national security.

Several factors contributed to the shift in notion of national security. Firstly, the decline in the possibility of global wars, at least among major powers, led to a greater sense of security among the major powers. Secondly, ethnic, linguistic, religious, and communal tensions, which were dormant and overlaid with Cold War rivalries and the earlier colonial dominance over the Third World, got a fillip by the 'decompression' effect of the end of the Cold War. Thirdly, several newer sources of threat to national security such as population explosion, unplanned urbanisation, disparities in economic opportunities; proliferation of small arms, drug trade, international terrorism and money laundering; migration pressures, environment degradation and cyber crimes surfaced after the Cold War. Finally, the shrinking of the globe and explosion of knowledge due to the revolution in information technology and globalisation of economy weakened the boundaries of State and its sovereignty; "ignited identity as a source of conflict" and enhanced sub-State groups and their operations.

Since the traditional concept of security did not address these new dimensions of security, it is further argued; the need of widening the concept of security was felt after the Cold War. Consequently, many scholars began to move away from the State-centric Realist notion of international relations to Liberal view of international relations that stresses on imperatives and possibility of international and regional cooperation. A unilateralist notion of security must give way, in this view, to cooperative security. As threat to national security can come not only from other state (s), but also from non-state actors and natural calamities, a much wider notion of security, which broadens the nature and sources of threat and which is may called composite or comprehensive security, got currency after the Cold War.

Certain critiques of the classical Western notion of security went further to suggest that security cannot be restricted to the well-being of the State, but it must aim at protection and well-being of individuals and citizens residing in a State. This concept of security, which is centred above all on the sanctity of the individual, is known as human security. The concept of human security or the security of the individual and humane governance, therefore, gained wide currency, as poverty and deprivation enlarged the problem of human security in the developing world. Accordingly, growing attention is now paid, it is asserted, to human dimensions of security. While the list of threats to human security is long, most can be considered under seven major categories, namely, economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security. Group identity, security, and recognition are singled out as basic human needs particularly in post-colonial Asia and Africa. It is therefore argued that the shift from the 'national security' to 'human security' paradigm is of historic importance.

III

While the above-discussed transformation of the concept of national security may indeed be revolutionary in the West, as far as India is concerned, the primary strategic objective of security policy has had been, and will remain, the socio-economic development of its people. This has its roots in ancient political tradition, where the ruler's primary duty (Dharma) was perceived to be the prosperity and happiness of his people. As pointed out by leading expert on Indian culture, kings were expected to nourish their subjects as a father nourishes his offspring.

This is how Srimadbhagvatam describes the rule of king Ram: "Jugop pitravad Ramo manire pitra ch tam" (King Ram used to protect his subjects like a father and they too treated him as their father). According to the Valmiki Ramayan, common people declared during King Ram's rule that the territory beyond Ram's kingdom will be a forest, but if he would reside in a forest that too would be converted into a sovereign nation. This popular faith in King Ram emanated his scrupulous observance of his promise given to people at the time of his coronation, namely, that he would not at all hesitate in scarifying his affection,...

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