Chapter 1 Introduction, 1, 
Chapter 2 Schedule 2 to the Act, 7, 
Chapter 3 Generic Controls: Miscellaneous, 18, 
Chapter 4 Generic Controls: Substance-specific, 25, 
Chapter 5 Generic Controls: Group-specific, 29, 
Chapter 6 Nomenclature, 38, 
Chapter 7 'Designer' Drugs, 45, 
Chapter 8 Miscellaneous Issues, 65, 
Chapter 9 Future Developments, 73, 
Bibliography, 86, 
Subject Index, 111,

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Possession is not nine-tenths of the law - it's nine-tenths of the problem.

John Lennon

1.1 DRUG ABUSE

Drugs, whose possession or supply is restricted by law, are known as controlled or scheduled substances. They comprise both licit materials (i.e. those manufactured under licence for therapeutic use) and the illicit products of clandestine factories. Although many plant-based drugs have been self-administered for thousands of years (e.g. coca leaf, cannabis, opium, peyote cactus), the imposition of criminal sanctions is mostly a product of the 20th century. Many of the drugs currently abused were once not only on open sale, but often promoted as beneficial substances by the food and pharmaceutical industries. A pattern developed whereby initial misuse of pharmaceutical products such as morphine, cocaine and amphetamine led to increasing legal restrictions and the consequent rise of an illicit industry. Nowadays, nearly all serious drug abuse involves illicitly-produced substances. Most fall into just a few pharmacological groups, e.g. central nervous system stimulants, narcotic analgesics, hallucinogens (psychotomimetics) and hypnotics. It is still true that the most prevalent drugs are the plant-derived or semi-synthetic substances (e.g. cannabis, cocaine and heroin), but the view of the United Nations Drug Control Programme is that wholly synthetic drugs (e.g. amphetamine, MDMA and related designer drugs) are likely to pose a more significant social problem in the future. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), scheduled drugs are 'abused' rather than 'misused', but in the following text the two terms are used synonymously. Drugs of abuse may or may not lead to physical or psychological 'dependence': a term used by WHO in preference to 'addiction'.

On the basis of a recent Home Office survey (Drug Misuse Declared in 2000 - see Bibliography), a third of the adult population in the United Kingdom (UK) admits to having used a controlled drug at least once in their lives; fewer than 10% use drugs on a regular basis and for the great majority of these the drug involved is cannabis. The next most common drugs are amphetamine, cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphe-tamine (MDMA). Seizure data from police and customs show a broadly similar pattern. There are currently over 100 000 arrests each year in the UK for drug offences, again the majority involving cannabis. In Europe, it is estimated that 0.2-0.3% of the population are regular heroin users. With few exceptions, the scale of drug abuse has steadily increased in most countries, but it is still predominantly associated with younger members of the population. Mortality from drug abuse has risen rapidly and is largely associated with opiates.

1.2 UK DRUG CONTROL LEGISLATION BEFORE 1971

Apart from the Pharmacy Act of 1868, which restricted the sale of opium, the modern period of drug control started in the early 20th century. Following the Poisons and Pharmacy Act 1908 and the Shanghai Opium Commission in 1909, further restrictions were introduced on cocaine, morphine and opium. More controls on a wider range of substances were introduced by the successive Dangerous Drugs Acts of 1920, 1925, 1951 and 1964. Synthetic amphetamine-like drugs entered the legislation in the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act (DPMA) 1964, and a Modification Order in 1966 added lysergide (LSD) to the DPMA. The Dangerous Drugs Act 1965 consolidated previous legislation.

The first attempts to introduce structure-related generic control into UK drugs law were made with the DPMA of 1964. This contained a statement intended to cover a range of synthetic stimulants. The key feature was a definition of certain side-chain substitution patterns in α-methylphenethylamine (amphetamine) and β-methylphenethylamine. While this did indeed encompass compounds such as phentermine, methylphenidate and diethylpropion, it soon became clear that a refined interpretation of the generic statement unwittingly included dozens of drugs that were not stimulants. In fact, it could be argued that some barbiturates were also covered. This generic control was repealed by a Modification Order in 1970. Following this early failure, it would be some years before generic control of phenethylamines again entered the legislation. But this time (1977), the focus would be on ring-substituted phenethylamines, it would be much more robust and would be followed by generic controls for several other groups.

1.3 THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTIONS

In international law, controls on drugs of abuse are set out in three United Nations (UN) treaties: The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 (UN1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 (UN1971) and The Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988 (UNI988). These treaties are implemented in domestic laws by signatory states, and have been considerably extended in some. In the UK, the corresponding legislation is the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Since the inception of the UN conventions, numerous substances have been added to the Schedules, particularly those of the 1971 treaty.

In the 1961 convention, there is a strong emphasis on plant-based drugs (i.e. cannabis, opium and cocaine), with rules for their cultivation, manufacture and trade. In addition, over 100 other substances, mostly synthetic narcotic analgesics, are included, but only a few of these are now used clinically or ever abused. More than 100 psychotropic substances are listed in the 1971 convention, but again only a small fraction is regularly abused. Unlike the treaty of 1961, there is no overarching control of the stereoisomers of psychotropic drugs. Thus in Schedule I, amphetamine, meaning both the (-) and the (+) enantiomers, is listed together with dexamphetamine [the (+) enantiomer of amphetamine] and levamphetamine [the (-) enantiomer] while methamphetamine, meaning the (+) enantiomer, is listed alongside methamphetamine racemate [a mixture of the (-) and (+) enantiomers]. These examples, and the situation whereby the stereochemical configuration of many other substances was left unspecified, has lead to some confusion, but the UN has recently moved to rationalise this matter. These problems have been avoided in the Misuse of Drugs Act by the inclusion of the stereo-isomers of almost all controlled drugs (see Chapter 3).

1.4 PRINCIPLES OF CURRENT UK LEGISLATION

The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 replaced The Dangerous Drugs Act 1965 and the DPMA 1964 and introduced the concept of 'controlled drugs'. These are defined as those substances or products set out in Schedule 2. The Misuse of Drugs Act, which came into effect in 1973, set up an 'Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs' whose terms of reference include a statement of what might...

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Shopbeschreibung

**Please note our transit times are from the date of dispatch.** We first started out as “The Paperback Exchange,” a chain of physical bookstores where we would part exchange your beloved books for new stories to transport you to faraway places. However, as shopping started to evolve to online shops and marketplaces, we bid our stores goodbye to become “PBShop.” This transition has only allowed us to blossom as we now ship thousands of titles to book lovers across the globe. We pride ourselves in being a community of local book lovers which allows our passion and devotion to shine in everything we do. In 2020 we not only celebrated our 20th birthday but our 1st birthday as being completely employee owned after becoming an E.O.T in September 2019. We are proud to be different and embrace standing apart on a book mountain by working from a virtual inventory which allows us to provide thousands of books that may be difficult to get for your bookshelf or your studies. Working with a number of different suppliers allows us to explore other avenues such as puzzles, sheet music and even stationery so we really do have something for everyone. Life is about being versatile in all realms of existence. If this is your first purchase with us, or you are a returning customer, we would like to welcome you to the PBShop family, for there is no friend as loyal as a book. We are a company who put our customers at the centre of everything we do as we understand the importance of reading because once you learn to read, you will forever be free. There are a whole lot of things in this world of ours that we are yet to explore, which is why we will forever inspire curious minds.…

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Pbshop.co.uk

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Returns Policy
We ask all customers to contact us for authorisation should they wish to return their order. Orders returned without authorisation may not be credited.
If you wish to return, please contact us within 14 days of receiving your order to obtain authorisation.
Returns requested beyond this time will not be authorised.
Our team will provide full instructions on how to return your order and once received our returns department will process your refund.
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Informationen zum Widerrufsrecht

Gesetzliches Widerrufsrecht

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Auswirkungen des Widerrufs

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Für die Rückerstattung verwenden wir dasselbe Zahlungsmittel, das Sie für die ursprüngliche Transaktion verwendet haben, es sei denn, Sie haben ausdrücklich etwas anderes vereinbart; in keinem Fall werden Ihnen aufgrund einer solchen Rückerstattung Gebühren berechnet.

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Ausnahmen vom Widerrufsrecht

Das Widerrufsrecht gilt nicht für:

Die Lieferung von Zeitungen, Zeitschriften oder Magazinen mit Ausnahme von Abonnementverträgen; und
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Versandbedingungen

Orders are shipped from our UK warehouse. Delivery thereafter is between 4 and 14 business days. Please contact us if you have any queries about our services or products.

Datenschutz und Sicherheit

We are committed to protecting the privacy and security of personal data. This policy tells you how we will collect and use your personal data, and what you should expect in respect of the personal information about you that we have collected.

We are PBShop.co.uk Limited (registered in England & Wales with Company No: 9366362). Our registered office is at Swatton Barn, Badbury, Swindon, SN4 0EU, United Kingdom.

The person with responsibility for our data protection compliance is the Managing Director and they can be contacted via email at help@pbshop.store.

We are the data controller of the personal data that we keep and use, and we are therefore responsible for making sure that our systems, processes and people comply with the relevant data protection laws in respect of that personal data.

We will act in respect of personal data to comply with the six principles of the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which are:

Lawfulness, fairness and transparency;
Purpose limitation;
Data minimisation;
Accuracy;
Storage limitation;
Integrity and confidentiality.
You have rights in respect of how your personal data can be processed; these include the right to request:

a copy of your personal data;
that inaccurate data is rectified; and
that your personal data is, in certain circumstances, erased or restricted.
You have the right to complain to the Information Commissioner, which you can do by contacting the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) directly. Full contact details, including a helpline number, can be found on the ICO website (www.ico.org.uk). This website also has useful information on your rights and our obligations. However, please raise any concerns or issues with us first so that we may deal with this as quickly as possible for you.

COLLECTION, USE AND DISCLOSURE OF PERSONAL DATA
We collect and process data for the following reasons:

personal data collected and created in relation to our selling books and other items; and
personal data relating to our people (which means those people working for our company, or providing services to us, or potentially working or providing services to us, including employees, consultants, temporary or casual workers and contractors).
All of our people are required to abide by our Privacy Policy when handling personal data, and are provided with appropriate data protection training. Any breach of data protection will be taken seriously, and may result in disciplinary action.

Selling books and other items
COLLECTION:
We will collect personal information which may include names, addresses and other information for our customers. This will be done for the management of the commercial relationship with our customers.

We may collect this personal data from you directly, and also from third parties, including publicly available third party sources. Additional personal data will be collected as it is created by or supplied to us in the course of anything we do for you.

USE:
We will use the personal data in the course of making sales and to comply with requirements that we are required to undertake.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

in performance of a contract (the agreement to sell books and other items); and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be far less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
DISCLOSURE:
We may share personal data with third parties as is necessary in the sale of books and other items, including to third party providers who deliver services to support the operation of our company.

In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. Normally, our retention period for personal data collected for this purpose is a minimum of 6 years after the end of the period that we are selling books and other items.

Our people
COLLECTION:
We will collect names, addresses, contact details, education and employment history, identity and other background checks (which may include appropriate criminal and financial checks and confirmation of the right to work in the UK), marital status and information on next of kin and dependents, financial information (such as bank details and NI numbers), date of birth, gender, a copy of your passport and driving licence, performance information and compensation history, recruitment information (including references), salary, benefits, pension and annual leave information, disciplinary and grievance information, photographs, information about your use of our information and communications systems and CCTV footage or other information obtained through electronic means.

We may collect and use special categories of personal data as required in the carrying out of obligations and exercising specific rights of us or the data subject in the field of employment. This may include information relating to matters such as health, racial origin, religious belief and offences or alleged offences.

Personal data may be collected from you during the selection process (for example via your application form and CV) and during your employment (including holiday forms, expense claims, performance reviews, any disciplinary or grievance processes), or from third parties, including referees, health service providers, background check providers.

USE:
Personal data of our people will be used for HR administration and management, both in respect of the selection of people to work for us (including suitability, eligibility and/or fitness to work), and those who do work for us, to include learning and development, disciplinary and security (of people, offices and data) requirements, providing and liaising with benefits providers, business management and planning (including accounting and auditing), paying you and dealing with tax and NI deductions, assessing and deciding on salary reviews and compensation, conducting performance reviews and managing performance, dealing with legal disputes involving you or others, preventing fraud, monitoring your use of our information and communications systems, ensuring compliance with our policies, and equal opportunities monitoring.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

In performance of a contract with you; and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

In respect of special categories of personal data, we may process this in the following circumstances:

in limited circumstances with your explicit written consent; and/or
where we need to carry out our legal obligations and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed in the public interest (such as for equal opportunities monitoring or in relation to our occupational pension scheme), and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed to assess your working capacity on health grounds, subject to appropriate confidentiality safeguards.
Less commonly, we may process this type of information where it is needed in relation to legal claims or where it is needed to protect your (or someone else’s) interests and you are not capable of giving your consent, or where you have already made the information public. We may also process such information about our people (or former people) in the course of our legitimate business activities with the appropriate safeguards.

The special categories of personal data may be used in the following ways:

in relation to leaves of absence, to comply with employment and other laws;
in relation to your physical or mental health, or disability status, to ensure your health and safety in the workplace and to assess your fitness to work, to monitor, manage and administer benefits and absences;
in relation to your race, national or ethnic origin, religious, philosophical or moral beliefs, or your sexual life or sexual orientation, to ensure meaningful equal opportunity monitoring and reporting.
DISCLOSURE:
Personal data may be transferred to service providers who support the operation of our business (such as payroll service providers), to other third parties reasonably necessary in the conduct of our business (including insurers, professional advisors, regulators). These third parties may be acting as processor, or controller of personal data in their own right.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. We will normally keep personal data of applicants who we do not employ for six months after we receive it.

We will keep personal data of employees throughout your employment and normally for a minimum of six years after your employment ends.

Changes to your personal data
It is very important that the personal information that we hold about you is accurate and current. Please tell us if your personal information changes during your relationship with us.

Data Security
We have put in place measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those of our people and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and where they have agreed to treat the information confidentially and to keep it secure. We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach and will notify you and the ICO of a suspected breach where we are legally required to do so.

Where we store your personal data
We principally store data, both electronically and on file, at our office.

Personal data may be transferred outside of the EEA by processors acting on our behalf. For transfers to countries not considered adequate by the EC, we will ensure that personal data is adequately protected, as required by the GDPR. This would include by use of the Standard Contractual Clauses adopted by the EC to protect personal data.

Your rights
Under certain circumstances, you have the right by law to request:

access to your personal data. This enables you to ask to receive a copy of the personal data that we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
correction of the personal data that we hold about you.
erasure of your personal data.
object to processing of your personal data where we are relying on our legitimate interest and there is something about your particular situation which makes you want to object to processing on this ground. You also have the right to object where we are processing your personal information for direct marketing purposes.
restriction of processing of your personal data.
transfer of your personal data to another party.
Links from our website
Our website may, from time to time, contain links to and from the websites of third parties that we permit to make such links. If you follow a link to any of these websites, please note that these websites have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for these policies. We recommend that you check these policies before you submit any personal data to these websites.

CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY
Any changes we may make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on our website, so please ensure that you are viewing the correct version.

Please contact us if you have any questions, comments or requests regarding this Privacy Policy.

Last amended May 2021.

Misuse of Drugs ACT

Artikelbeschreibung des Verkäufers

Bibliografische Details

Inhaltsangabe

Über diesen Titel

Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

The Misuse of Drugs Act

A Guide for Forensic Scientists

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Contents