Part I

The Hunting and Gathering Periodfrom 200,000 to 10,000 Years Ago withHandheld (Tarp) Food Distribution andDefining the Nine Pillars for Humanity

Dear Reader,

(1) I offer you a challenge. In the following pages I will send youtraveling at a racing speed through history. You will start from thevery dawn of civilization until today and follow the human evolutionfrom a grunting animal walking on two legs to a modern citizen of ademocratic, open society, with freedom and equal rights for all

(2) I will start with a description of the genetically coded instinctsof the human cell in order to explain nine fundamental human rightsderived from these instincts. These nine pillars of humanity willbe defined from the hunting and gathering period, even if some ofthem can just be discerned at this time. The "Nine" will be followedthrough history, how they fared under different governments andhow eventually they evolved to become necessary for all modernsocieties.

(3) The government in Sumeria, historical Mesopotamia, ormodern Iraq, will be described first. After Sumeria I will not dwell onthe history of each Sumeric-like nation. The Sumeric-like countriesin Africa, Early America, China and Japan, despite their long andinteresting history, are, from this standpoint, not pertinent. Onlywhen they deviate from the first Sumeric Government formula arethey germane.

(4) Brace yourself! I will challenge any prejudices you mighthave. This has been fun for me to write; I hope it will be equally funfor you to read.

(5) I have to start with some technical medical talks but don'tpanic. It will be very short.

(6) Much of what everybody wants to accomplish in life comesfrom two basic instincts baked into our genes: the urges for theself-preservation and propagation, with the best possible chance ofsurvival for the offspring. These two fundamental instincts, we—humanbeings, the species Homo sapiens—have in common withall animals and even plants. It has been postulated that the originalmitochondrial DNA, for short mtDNA or the mitochondrial organ,was a bacteria that many millions of years ago invaded a cell and haspromoted its own survival by its evolutionary mutations just likeany modern virus invades cells, takes over and directs a cell's life.Evolutionary changes in the mitochondrial organ create new speciesor adaptation of the species to its environment. If a new species isefficient within its environment, the species will survive, if not, it willdie. If a new species is unable to adapt to changes in its environment,the species will die out over time. Evolution can therefore take twodirections: lead to totally different species or lead to different kindsof closely related species, like to different ape forms.

(7) The mitochondrial organ forms a rugby ball shapedmembrane that floats in the cell fluid around the nucleus of everyliving cell. Protein in the mitochondrion and proteins in the nucleusform genes that are chains of four amino acids: adenine, cytosine,guanine, and thiamine. The order in which these amino acids stackup within genes determines the chemical message for the activitiesin the cell. The mitochondrion is the organ that is transferred fromone cell to another in order to grow specific tissues for transplants,for in vitro fertilization, or to create clones.

(8) The main portion of the mitochondrion has remainedunchanged since 200,000-150,000 years back, unchanged fromgeneration to generation for at least some 6000 generations (allowing25 years for each generation) (Rebecca Cann et al: Nature 329, 1987).It can with confidence be stated that the basic physiological andpsychological security) needs of humans have remained the samesince that time.

(9) The mitochondrion ring has a neutral zone within whichmutations can occur without causing new species or diseases. Thesemutations occur more often and with some statistical regularity,on average, one every 10,000 years. This has been established byseveral different methods, but one is by simply counting mutationsin archeological finds of a known age, as in the 12,000-year-old findfrom the Gough's cave in Bath, England.

(10) The female sex chromosome (X) is part of the chromosome-setupof both the male (X+Y) chromosome and female (X+X)chromosome of the cell nucleus. Unique for the mitochondrial organis that it always follows the female sex chromosome (X), controllingthe species its germ cell will grow into for both its male or femalefertilized eggs. A germ cell is a fertilized egg during its first twenty-fourdivisions, before an embryo has been defined.

(11) The neutral mitochondrial area can be used to identify family-clans,that is, to determine both when the mutation first occurred inthat clan and where the original mother for that clan lived. The moremutations, the older is the clan with a given pattern; the more presentinhabitants with that mother's certain pattern of mutations that livewithin a certain area, the more likely the original clan-mother alsoused to live there, some thousands of years ago.

(12) Bryan Sykes, Professor of Human Genetics and his colleaguesat the Oxford University, have mapped out the origin and presentdistribution of the world population based on information fromthe neutral mitochondrial area in his fascinating book, The SevenDaughters of Eve (2001, ISBN 0-393-32314-5). He has identifiedthe universal mother, the "Mitochondrial Eve," for the clan thateventually populated the whole world. She might have livedsomewhere in Kenya or Ethiopia some 150,000 years ago. Of the13 clans that have survived in present Africa, only one moved outof Africa by Sinai 50,000 years ago, and formed new clans: sevenfor Europe between 45,000 and 15,000 years ago, four for America12,000 years ago, and nine for the rest of the world. The Nine Pillarsof Humanity will be tested from the time of Mitochondrial Eve,through history, until today.

(13) The evolutionary hominid species (human-like individualswalking on two legs) was created some five to seven million years ago.Four fundamental pillars or primary instincts of any hominid speciesmay be established already from this time: to live close to water andfood resources, to build shelters for their offspring, to communicateby simple sounds, and to live in groups for security and commondefense (Richard Klein). All four of these needs we, Homo sapiens,have in common with all ape-like societies.

(14) The genome-mapping project has identified a gene for speech.When this female mutation occurred is not known but now a humanbeing could name things,...