Titel: Pathways For Sustainable Sanitation: Achieving The Millennium Development Goals
Verlag: Iwa Pub
Erscheinungsjahr: 2008
Sprache: Englisch
ISBN-10: 1843391961
ISBN-13: 9781843391968
Einband: Softcover
Zustand: Brand New

�ber diesen Titel

Inhaltsangabe

The report is a product arising from the work of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance which was initiated prior to the International Year of Sanitation in 2008 in an attempt to inject sustainable development ideas into the sanitation sector. It functions as a vision document for those policymakers, researchers and practitioners that are striving towards fundamental reform and improvements within the sanitation sector in both rural and urban populations in all countries of the world.

It reviews the global progress being made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target on sanitation. A literature review is presented on sanitation provision including human health impacts and the estimated costs and benefits of achieving the MDG target. The report also provides a critique in that the UN has not yet introduced the concept of sustainability into the MDG programme in general and in particular into the sanitation sector which is highly dysfunctional and suffering from limited political leadership at both the local and global levels. It introduces the various sustainable sanitation options available and what approaches can be taken to improve sanitation systems – not just toilets which are only a small part of the overall system of food, nutrients and water cycles.

The study estimates the numbers of urban and rural households, including slum populations that are being targeted in all world regions. It also evaluates the historic trends in morbidity and mortality linked to diarrhoea arising from lack of functioning sanitation services comparing these to the UN data on sanitation coverage. The report estimates the potential fertiliser replacement capacity that reuse of human excreta can have for all world regions. Finally it provides a vision for future development within the sector where more sustainable options like source separation and reuse are promoted giving positive environmental or “green” impacts but also catalysing greater involvement and understanding on the part of individuals in society.

Auszug. � Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Pathways for Sustainable Sanitation

Achieving the Millennium Development Goals

By Arno Rosemarin, Nelson Ekane, Ian Caldwell, Elisabeth Kvarnstr�m, Jennifer McConville, Cecilia Ruben, Madeleine Fogde

IWA Publishing

1. Introduction, 1, 
2. Linking Sanitation to Human Health, 8, 
3. Linking Sanitation to Food Security, 13, 
4. Introducing Sustainable and Ecological Sanitation, 20, 
5. Policy, Planning and Implementation, 28, 
6. Costing the Scaling-Up to Meet the Mdg Target, 37, 
7. Achieving Sustainable Sanitation, 42, 
8. References, 52,

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Objectives of the paper

It is the objective of this paper to reflect on the progress being made in the sanitation sector and to examine what possible pathways exist to introduce sustainability in the United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDG) process also showing that the target for sanitation ahs an impact on all the MDGs. The paper reviews the regional differences in some of the common health indicators such as diarrhoea mortality and DALYs in relation to inadequate hygiene and sanitation. It reviews the criteria surrounding the introduction of sustainable sanitation based in part on the work of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, what technical options exist in order to introduce more sustainable measures, what the costs can be compared to conventional approaches and what the potential impact of safe reuse of human excreta can have in agriculture, nutrition and food security. It reviews the WHO guidelines on safe reuse of human excreta and greywater in agriculture and also reviews a selection of sanitation planning tools. Finally it summarises what additional steps and pathways including financing and institutional arrangements that are needed in order to build in greater resilience and sustenance into the sanitation sector.

1.2. The MDG on water and sanitation

In 2000, the UN resolved to tackle the Millennium Development Goals or MDGs as they are commonly known. The MDGs are all-encompassing providing clear targets by 2015 to significantly reduce poverty, hunger, illiteracy, gender inequality, child mortality, disease and to ensure environmental sustainability and promote global partnership including open trade and financing. What the world didn't notice back in 2000 was that water supply and sanitation services had not been included as one of the environmental targets. And it was not until 2002 at the UN World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) with the guidance of the WSSCC (Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council) in Johannesburg that a target for these was adopted (MDG 7, Target 10). It turns out that sanitation is by far the largest of all the MDG targets affecting about 40% of the global population and possibly the biggest challenge since the sector has been so neglected and is riddled with development obstacles. It remains probably the largest killer of children and is still not a high priority among governments (WaterAid, 2008a).

World leaders came together in 2005 under the auspices of the 2005 World Summit at United Nations Headquarters to reiterate the MDGs as expressed in the Millennium Declaration and reaffirm their commitment to work towards achieving them, and also to assess the extent to which progress has been made since 2000. Likewise, on September 25, 2008 the UN High-Level Event on the MDGs took place to identify gaps and determine how to accelerate progress toward the MDGs. The Human Development Report (HDR) of 2006 (UNDP, 2006) provided a status report on the water and sanitation Target 10 of MDG 7, providing further necessary focus. These reviews have all concluded that the target for water supply is achievable but that for sanitation will not be met by 2015.

When it comes to the implementation of all the MDGs, the world seems to have forgotten the element of sustainability and what was resolved at the UNCED in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992 and the WSSD in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 2002 (WSSD, 2002). Sustainability is absent from the MDG resolution of 2000 and the HDR of 2006. Neither does the JMP (Joint Monitoring Plan of WHO/UNICEF) include sustainability criteria in its definition of improved water supply and sanitation. The core of MDG 7 Target 10 is being tackled mainly using, for the most part, conventional approaches that lack technical innovation and social, economic and environmental sustainability (SEI, 2005). It is the objective of this paper to introduce such criteria and place it within a context of policy, planning and capacity development.

It is also high time for more comprehensive measurement tools in order to assess successes and failures within the sanitation sector. The global monitoring data on coverage have created a simplified division into "haves" and "have-nots" (Bartram, 2008). It is therefore a step in the right direction as is now the case in the latest JMP report of 2008 (WHO/UNICEF, 2008a) to monitor all forms of sanitation coverage, may it be sharing of communal latrines, unimproved, improved latrines or open defecation. The next step would be to provide some measures of installation longevity, functionality and sustainability.

Sanitation is a neglected and disjoint sector that in general is not properly understood nor prioritized by governments around the world. In addition it is not something that is well integrated into development programmes and tends not to be considered as a central concern for human well-being. Somehow it is "taken care of" in all sorts of ways from open defecation, to shared communal latrines, to waterborne household sewerage and centralized treatment systems. But in a way all of these are similar in that little or nor communication occurs between the stakeholders and the authorities. In many ways this is the "last chapter in human development" and there is much to be done (Rosemarin, 2007).

1.3. The International Year of Sanitation 2008

Perhaps because of the acknowledgement of the importance of sanitation and the staggering figure of those lacking basic sanitation, the UN declared 2008 the International Year of Sanitation to draw attention to the sanitation crisis and accelerate progress towards the sanitation target. Present global water and sanitation coverage figures clearly show that despite international commitment, enormous investment and concerted efforts to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation, there is still so much to be done to achieve timely success. The MDG sanitation target is an overarching one because of the importance of water and sanitation development as an instrument for sustainable development, economic growth, and poverty reduction. This makes MDG 7 crucial for the achievement of all the other MDGs (Table 1).

WHO/UNICEF (2008a) reported that in 2006, 884 million people in the world lacked access to improved water supply and 2.5 billion people lacked access to proper sanitation, with the great majority residing in the developing world. Only about one person in three in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia has access to improved sanitation (UNDP, 2006). Furthermore, Black and Fawcett (2008) report that over 40% of people in the developing world still depend on a bucket, a bush, the banks of a stream, a back street or some other sheltered place for their several daily excretions. One in four people in Africa i.e. about 234 million...

��ber diesen Titel� kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.

Anbieterinformationen

Professional Book Seller offering fast shipping and hassle-free returns for every order. Our 100% satisfaction policy guarantees that you get the best product and the best service at the best price!

Zur Homepage des Verk�ufers

Unternehmensdaten des Verk�ufers

Basi6 International LLC
1018 Camino Lago, Irving, TX, 75039, U.S.A.

Gesch�ftsbedingungen und Versandinformationen

Verkaufsbedingungen

Professional Book Seller shipping from Multiple Locations Worldwide for fastest delivery possible!

Widerrufsrecht

Wenn Sie Verbraucher sind, k�nnen Sie gem�� den folgenden Bestimmungen vom Vertrag zur�cktreten. Verbraucher ist jede nat�rliche Person, die zu Zwecken handelt, die nicht ihrer kaufm�nnischen, gewerblichen, k�nstlerischen oder beruflichen T�tigkeit zugerechnet werden k�nnen.

Informationen zum Widerrufsrecht

Gesetzliches Widerrufsrecht

Sie haben das Recht, den Vertrag innerhalb von 14 Tagen ohne Angabe von Gr�nden zu widerrufen.

Die Widerrufsfrist betr�gt 14 Tage ab dem Tag, an dem Sie oder ein von Ihnen benannter Dritter, der nicht der Transporteur ist, die letzte Ware oder den letzten Posten oder das letzte Exemplar in Besitz genommen hat.

Um das Widerrufsrecht auszu�ben, f�llen Sie auf unserer Website unter „Meine Eink�ufe" in „Mein Nutzerkonto" eine eindeutige Erkl�rung elektronisch aus und senden Sie sie ab. Wir werden Ihnen unverz�glich eine Best�tigung �ber den Eingang eines solchen Widerrufs auf einem dauerhaften Datentr�ger (z. B. per E-Mail) �bermitteln.

Um die Widerrufsfrist einzuhalten, reicht es aus, dass Sie Ihre Mitteilung �ber die Aus�bung des Widerrufsrechts vor Ablauf der Widerrufsfrist absenden.

Auswirkungen des Widerrufs

Wenn Sie diesen Vertrag widerrufen, erstatten wir Ihnen alle Zahlungen, die wir von Ihnen erhalten haben, einschlie�lich der Lieferkosten (mit Ausnahme der zus�tzlichen Kosten, die entstehen, wenn Sie eine andere Art der Lieferung als die von uns angebotene g�nstigste Standardlieferung gew�hlt haben).

Wir k�nnen einen Abzug von der R�ckerstattung f�r den Wertverlust der gelieferten Waren vornehmen, wenn der Verlust auf eine unn�tige Behandlung durch Sie zur�ckzuf�hren ist.

Wir werden die R�ckerstattung unverz�glich und nicht sp�ter als 14 Tage nach dem Tag vornehmen, an dem wir �ber Ihre Entscheidung, diesen Vertrag zu widerrufen, informiert wurden.

F�r die R�ckerstattung verwenden wir dasselbe Zahlungsmittel, das Sie f�r die urspr�ngliche Transaktion verwendet haben, es sei denn, Sie haben ausdr�cklich etwas anderes vereinbart; in keinem Fall werden Ihnen aufgrund einer solchen R�ckerstattung Geb�hren berechnet.

Wir k�nnen die R�ckzahlung verweigern, bis wir die Waren wieder zur�ckerhalten haben oder Sie den Nachweis erbracht haben, dass Sie die Waren zur�ckgesandt haben, je nachdem, was eher eintritt.

Sie m�ssen die Waren unverz�glich und in jedem Fall sp�testens 14 Tage ab dem Tag, an dem Sie uns �ber den Widerruf dieses Vertrags unterrichten, an Basi6 International, Irving, Texas, U.S.A., zur�cksenden oder �bergeben. Die Frist ist eingehalten, wenn Sie die Ware vor Ablauf der Frist von 14 Tagen zur�cksenden. Sie m�ssen die direkten Kosten der R�cksendung der Waren tragen. Sie haften nur f�r einen etwaigen Wertverlust der Waren, der auf eine Behandlung zur�ckzuf�hren ist, die nicht zur Pr�fung der Art, Eigenschaften und Funktionsweise der Waren erforderlich ist.

Ausnahmen vom Widerrufsrecht

Das Widerrufsrecht gilt nicht f�r:

Die Lieferung von Zeitungen, Zeitschriften oder Magazinen mit Ausnahme von Abonnementvertr�gen; und
Die Lieferung digitaler Inhalte, die nicht auf einem physischen Medium (z. B. auf einer CD oder DVD) geliefert werden, wenn Sie bei Ihrer Bestellung akzeptiert haben, dass wir mit der Lieferung beginnen k�nnen und dass Sie nach Beginn der Lieferung den Vertrag nicht mehr widerrufen k�nnen.

Versandbedingungen

All orders shipped via FedEx or DHL and delivered to your doorstep within 3-5 days. We do not ship to P.O.Boxes and a proper street address must be provided to avoid any delays.

Versandkosten innerhalb von USA

Versandkosten innerhalb von USA
Bestellmenge	5 bis 14�Werktage	3 bis 6�Werktage
Erster Artikel	EUR 0.00	EUR 0.00

Die Versandzeiten werden von den Verk�uferinnen und Verk�ufern festgelegt. Sie variieren je nach Versanddienstleister und Standort. Sendungen, die den Zoll passieren, k�nnen Verz�gerungen unterliegen. Eventuell anfallende Abgaben oder Geb�hren sind von der K�uferin bzw. dem K�ufer zu tragen. Die Verk�uferin bzw. der Verk�ufer kann Sie bez�glich zus�tzlicher Versandkosten kontaktieren, um einen m�glichen Anstieg der Versandkosten f�r Ihre Artikel auszugleichen.

Impressum & Info zum Verk�ufer