Compiled by teams of leading authorities this Specialist Periodical Report on Photochemistry aims to provide an annual review of photo-induced processes.
Photochemistry Volume 13
A Review of the Literature Published between July 1980 and June 1981
By D. Bryce-SmithThe Royal Society of Chemistry
Copyright © 19883 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-85186-115-9Contents
Introduction and Review of the Year By D. Bryce Smith, xv,
Part I Physical Aspects of Photochemistry,
Chapter 1 Developments in Instrumentation and Techniques By A. J. Roberts, 3,
Chapter 2 Photophysical Processes in Condensed Phases By R. B. Cundall and M. Wyn-Jones, 39,
Chapter 3 Gas-phase Photoprocesses By G. Hancock, 117,
Part II Photochemistry of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry,
Chapter 1 The Photochemistry of Transition-metal Complexes By A. Cox, 171,
Chapter 2 The Photochemistry of Transition-metal Organo-metallic Compounds, Carbonyls, and Low-oxidation-state Compounds By J. M. Kelly and C. Long, 196,
Chapter 3 Photochemistry of Compounds of the Main Group Elements By J. M. Kelly and C. Long, 211,
Part III Organic Aspects of Photochemistry,
Chapter 1 Photolysis of Carbonyl Compounds By W. M. Horspool, 223,
Chapter 2 Enone Cycloadditions and Rearrangements: Photoreactions of Cyclohexadienones and Quinones By W. M. Horspool, 241,
Chapter 3 Photochemistry of Olefins, Acetylenes, and Related Compounds By W. M. Horspool, 297,
Chapter 4 Photochemistry of Aromatic Compounds By J. D. Coyle, 333,
Chapter 5 Photo-reduction and -oxidation By A. Cox, 394,
Chapter 6 Photoreactions of Compounds containing Heteroatoms other than Oxygen By S. T. Reid, 422,
Chapter 7 Photoelimination By S. T. Reid, 469,
Part IV Polymer Photochemistry By N. S. Allen, 501,
1 Introduction, 501,
2 Photopolymerization, 501,
3 Optical and Luminescence Properties, 519,
4 Photodegredation and Photo-oxidation Processes, 529,
5 Photosensitized Degredation, 544,
6 Photostabilization, 546,
7 Photochemistry of Dyed and Pigmented Polymers, 551,
8 Appendix: Review of Patent Literature, 554,
Part V Photochemical Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion By L. M. Peter, 569,
1 Introduction, 569,
2 Biological Systems, 571,
3 Homogeneous and Microheterogeneous Photochemical Systems, 573,
4 Photogalvanic Cells, 579,
5 Photoelectrolysis with Semiconduct or Electrodes, 582,
6 Liquid-junction Solar Cells, 586,
7 Advances in Theory and Techniques of Semiconductor Electrochemistry, 595,
8 Organic Solid-state Systems, 598,
Author Index, 600,
CHAPTER 1
Part I
PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY
1
Developments in Instrumentation and Techniques
BY A. J. ROBERTS
1 Introduction
This article is concerned with the developments in instrumentation and techniques in photochemistry and spectroscopy during the period July 1980 — June 1981. Such a wide ranging topic is impossible to review at all critically, nor is it feasible to consider every publication concerning photochemical instrumentation. Consequently, many reports concerned merely with the application of established techniques have been omitted. In this respect, it should be noted that the relative brevity of some sections (for example plasma sources, u.v.-visible spectroscopy) in no way reflects the use or application of these techniques, but merely their advanced state of development. Further it is apparent that, during the past decade, a swing away from developments in instrumentation for conventional photochemistry in favour of spectroscopy and laser photochemistry has occurred. This has been reflected in the following discussion. The author would like to thank Dr. Mike West for several helpful discussions during the preparation of this manuscript.
2 Plasma Sources
Several reports have discussed a modified version of a commercially available Grimm's glow discharge lamp for use as a hollow cathode emission source. Aluminium, copper, and graphite cathode materials were investigated. The modification of large diameter (Perkin Elmer) hollow cathode lamps for a small diameter lamp housing (Instrumentation Laboratory model 751 spectrophotometer) has been described. The selective spectral enhancement of arc discharge lamps with the addition of metal halides has been demonstrated,' and the high-energy conversion into narrow wavelengths suggests an application as CW-laser pump sources. A controlled temperature-gradient lamp has been shown to perform better (sharper emission lines and higher intensity) than an electrodeless discharge lamp for atomic absorption spectroscopy. The design of a lithium heat-pipe arc lamp for use as a laboratory source has been discussed.
Although laser sources are rapidly dominating spectral calibration in the visible and infrared regions, plasma sources are still attractive for the vacuum U.V. A deuterium discharge lamp has been developed as a radiance transfer standard between 115 and 370 nm. Although magnesium fluoride windows were used in this application, a later report, in which an argon mini-arc was utilized for standardization in the region 92– 200 nm, suggested that problems may arise due to the formation of colour centres. The errors introduced due to the polarization of the irradiance standard source are often neglected since, in many cases, the required data are unavailable. Consequently the characteristic polarization of a DXW-type filament lamp (General Electrics 1000W) has been tabulated.
Synchrotron radiation provides an attractive, completely tunable, moderately intense source for spectroscopy, and several facilities are currently available, or are in development, for such application. The use of synchrotron radiation in biophysical and biochemical research has been discussed in a collection of 28 papers." Its use in vacuum-u.v. spectroscopy and the design of suitable optical components has been considered.
3 Laser Sources
Molecular Gas Infrared Lasers. — Two brief reviews have been published on infrared laser sources and their applications. A compact high-pressure (5 atm.) CO2 laser has been designed and operated at pulse repetition rates up to 50Hz. Single-mode power densities of 300MW1-1 were achieved, although the short sealed-off lifetime of the laser limited its usefulness as a spectroscopic source. A shock tube driven CO2-Ar gas dynamic laser provided a 4 ms, 2W pulse at 18.4µm. 4W output was also obtained from a 1.2cm active length of laser medium using a conical nozzle for mixing CO2, and nitrogen. Pre-ionization of the discharge medium has been found to improve the performance of transverse electric atmospheric (TEA) CO2 lasers. Advantages were gained both from a three-fold increase in output power and better pulse-to-pulse reproducibility. A CW waveguide CO2 laser, with transverse radiofrequency pumping was found to be 8.5% efficient with up to 4.6 W output power. 3-W output was obtained from a CO waveguide laser with chilled, flowing gas. Gold electrodes have been utilized in a sealed CO laser producing 28.5 W output power. The laser was shown to have a long operational life.
A compact frequency stabilized TEA–CO2 laser was operated at a pulse repetition rate of 100 Hz with pulse energies of 80 mJ. Active frequency and amptitude stabilization was achieved for a CW CO2 laser. A bandwidth of less than 300kHz and a power fluctuation less than 3 x 10-3 were obtained. Some interest has been displayed in the possibility of short pulse production by mode-locking CO2 lasers. The...