Speciality Chemicals in Mineral Processing
Sprache: Englisch
Verlag: RSC Publishing, 2002
- Hardcover
- Neu

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- Titel
- Speciality Chemicals in Mineral Processing
- Verlag
- RSC Publishing
- Erscheinungsjahr
- 2002
- Zustand
- New
- Einband
- HRD
- Sprache
- Englisch
- ISBN-10
- 0854048316
- ISBN-13
- 9780854048311
- Artikelgewicht
- 450 Gramm
This timely publication will be welcomed by those needing access to the latest research in the profitable field of industrial mineral process chemistry. It is an up-to-date account of the performance gains achievable in the use of speciality chemicals in industrial mineral processing and products, with each chapter presenting the new and potentially valuable technology for consideration. This book presents the most recent research in this key area and is unique in its coverage. Diverse topics such as dispersants, dewatering and flocculants, are discussed, along with selective processing and biocides. Speciality Chemicals in Mineral Processing is an essential purchase for speciality chemical producers and users, particularly those in the paper, plastic, polymer, paint, rubber, adhesive and ceramic industries.
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Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.
Speciality Chemicals in Mineral Processing
By D.R. SkuseThe Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
Contents
Dispersion and Flocculation,
The Role of Polymers in Dispersion Stability R. Hogg and C. Rattanakawin, 3,
Synthesis of New Polymeric Surfactants and Dispersants Via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation at Ambient Temperature S.P. Arrnes, K.L. Robinson, S.Y. Liu, X.S. Wang, F.L.G. Malet and S.A. Furlong, 21,
Role of Colloidal Interactions in Determining Rheology D.M. Heyes and J.F.M. Lodge, 31,
New Polymeric Dispersants for Very Fine Calcium Carbonate Slurries Y. Duccini and A. DuFour, 38,
AMP-95™ for Mineral Dispersion T. Gole, 47,
Pigment Dispersion Technology for the Paper Industry D.J. Mogridge, J.S. Phipps, K.R. Rogan and D.R. Skuse, 71,
Selective Processing,
An AFM and XPS Investigation of the Selective Flocculation of Kaolinite from a Mineral Mixture J.S. Dalton, G.C. Allen, K.R. Hallam, N.J. Elton, J.J. Hooper and D.R. Skuse, 71,
The Nature of Adsorption Sites on Unrefined and Ball Milled Kaolin. A Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopic Study C. Breen, J. Illés, J . Yarwood and D.R. Skuse, 81,
Computer Simulation of Water Molecules at Mineral Surfaces M. Warne, N.L. Allan and T. Cosgrove, 90,
Modified Hydroxamate Collectors for Kaolin Flotation C. Basilio, R.A. Lowe, A. Gorken, L. Magliocco and R. Hagy, 102,
Microbiological Control,
The Biocidal Products Directive and the Mineral Processing Industry: Possible Issues and Implications J. Duddridge, 111,
Microbiological Problems in Mineral Slurries – Control Options in 2001 W.G. Guthrie and D. W. Ashworth, 123,
Modern Microbiological Problems and Solutions for the Pigment Slurry Industry J.L. Martin, 133,
Subject Index, 141,
CHAPTER 1
The Role of Polymers in Dispersion Stability
R. Hogg and C. Rattanakawin
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY PARK, PA 16802, USA
1 Introduction
Soluble polymers are widely used to control the state of dispersion of fine-particle suspensions. Depending on the polymer, and how it is applied, they can serve to enhance stability (dispersants) or to promote aggregation of the particles (flocculants). The topics covered in this chapter are intended as an overview of the use of polymers for stability control in mineral-particle suspensions with particular emphasis on flocculation processes. A brief discussion of stabilisation by polymers is included for completeness.
1.1 Polymeric Dispersants
Both natural and synthetic polymers with molecular weight up to about 20000 are commonly used for stabilisation of fine-particle dispersions. It is generally accepted that these reagents function by presenting a steric barrier to direct contact between particles (steric stabilisation). In effect, adsorption of the soluble polymer provides a lyophilic film on the particle surfaces that prefers contact with the solvent to contact with a similar film on another particle. The basic requirement for steric stabilisation is that the adsorbed layer be thick enough to prevent particles from approaching each other closely enough for attractive forces (e.g. van der Waals) to cause adhesion. More or less complete coverage of the surfaces is generally necessary. Charged polymers (polyelectrolytes) can further enhance the effect by adding an electrostatic repulsion (electrosteric stabilisation). Addition of the electrostatic component may serve to relax the coverage requirements for purely steric stabilisation.
1.2 Polymeric Flocculants
Polymers used to promote flocculation normally have higher molecular weight than the dispersants – usually from about 50 thousand up to about 20 million. Most of those in use today are synthetic, linear-chain molecules, and include non-ionic, anionic and cationic types. Non-ionic flocculants are commonly polyacrylamide, while the anionic reagents are often acrylamide/acrylate copolymers. Typical non-ionic and anionic flocculants have high molecular weights – in the 10 to 20 million range. Cationic flocculants (sometimes referred to as coagulants) are normally of lower molecular weight (<1 million) and commonly owe their charge to the presence of a quaternary ammonium group. The polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) types are widely used commercially. Charge densities are usually substantially higher for the cationic reagents than for the anionic types.
Flocculation by polymers, like dispersion, normally involves adsorption at particle surfaces. The high molecular weight flocculants are generally agreed to function through a 'bridging' mechanism whereby a single large molecule can attach to two or more particles simultaneously, providing a physical link – bridge – between them. Smaller, highly charged polyions can adsorb on oppositely charged particle surfaces forming patches of opposite charge. Thus, a cationic polymer can form positively charged patches on the surface of negatively charged particles. Interaction of a patch on one particle with a region of bare surface on another then leads to aggregation. A third mechanism, known as depletion flocculation, does not involve adsorption. Rather, the exclusion of large polymer molecules from small spaces between particles in concentrated suspensions promotes aggregation through osmotic pressure effects.
1.3 Polymer Solutions
The properties of polymer solutions play an important role in the dispersion or flocculation of fine-particle suspensions. Individual molecules in solution generally take on a more-or-less randomly coiled configuration. Repulsion between similarly charged ionic groups in a polyelectrolyte leads to expansion of the coil, increasing the effective size of the molecule in solution. Modification of the charge, e.g. by protonation of acid groups in an anionic polymer, gives rise to changes in molecular conformation. Shielding of the charges in the presence of simple electrolytes generally leads to increased coiling, i.e. smaller effective molecular size.
2 Polymer Adsorption
The adsorption of polymers at solid surfaces is substantially more complicated than that of small molecules. Typically, a small molecule adsorbs by attachment of a functional group on the molecule to a site on the surface. For the case of adsorption from aqueous solution, the process involves displacement of water from sites at the surface. The extent of adsorption is determined by the preference of the surface site and the adsorbing species for contact with water rather than with each other. While the same is generally true for polymers, the presence of a large number of potential attaching groups on each molecule biases the system towards adsorption. A typical polyacrylamide flocculant with a molecular weight of 10 million has about 140000 individual segments, each of which is capable of attaching to the surface. Only one such attachment is necessary for adsorption of the whole molecule. The consequences of this 'multiple adsorption' effect are:
• Polymer adsorption tends to be indiscriminate. The large molecules become attached to essentially any available surface unless strongly repelled from it.
• Adsorption is effectively irreversible. Desorption of the molecule requires simultaneous detachment of all adsorbed segments.
• Since the...
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a copy of your personal data;
that inaccurate data is rectified; and
that your personal data is, in certain circumstances, erased or restricted.
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personal data collected and created in relation to our selling books and other items; and
personal data relating to our people (which means those people working for our company, or providing services to us, or potentially working or providing services to us, including employees, consultants, temporary or casual workers and contractors).
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Selling books and other items
COLLECTION:
We will collect personal information which may include names, addresses and other information for our customers. This will be done for the management of the commercial relationship with our customers.
We may collect this personal data from you directly, and also from third parties, including publicly available third party sources. Additional personal data will be collected as it is created by or supplied to us in the course of anything we do for you.
USE:
We will use the personal data in the course of making sales and to comply with requirements that we are required to undertake.
We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:
in performance of a contract (the agreement to sell books and other items); and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be far less common:
where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
DISCLOSURE:
We may share personal data with third parties as is necessary in the sale of books and other items, including to third party providers who deliver services to support the operation of our company.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
RETENTION PERIOD:
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Our people
COLLECTION:
We will collect names, addresses, contact details, education and employment history, identity and other background checks (which may include appropriate criminal and financial checks and confirmation of the right to work in the UK), marital status and information on next of kin and dependents, financial information (such as bank details and NI numbers), date of birth, gender, a copy of your passport and driving licence, performance information and compensation history, recruitment information (including references), salary, benefits, pension and annual leave information, disciplinary and grievance information, photographs, information about your use of our information and communications systems and CCTV footage or other information obtained through electronic means.
We may collect and use special categories of personal data as required in the carrying out of obligations and exercising specific rights of us or the data subject in the field of employment. This may include information relating to matters such as health, racial origin, religious belief and offences or alleged offences.
Personal data may be collected from you during the selection process (for example via your application form and CV) and during your employment (including holiday forms, expense claims, performance reviews, any disciplinary or grievance processes), or from third parties, including referees, health service providers, background check providers.
USE:
Personal data of our people will be used for HR administration and management, both in respect of the selection of people to work for us (including suitability, eligibility and/or fitness to work), and those who do work for us, to include learning and development, disciplinary and security (of people, offices and data) requirements, providing and liaising with benefits providers, business management and planning (including accounting and auditing), paying you and dealing with tax and NI deductions, assessing and deciding on salary reviews and compensation, conducting performance reviews and managing performance, dealing with legal disputes involving you or others, preventing fraud, monitoring your use of our information and communications systems, ensuring compliance with our policies, and equal opportunities monitoring.
We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:
In performance of a contract with you; and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be less common:
where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
In respect of special categories of personal data, we may process this in the following circumstances:
in limited circumstances with your explicit written consent; and/or
where we need to carry out our legal obligations and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed in the public interest (such as for equal opportunities monitoring or in relation to our occupational pension scheme), and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed to assess your working capacity on health grounds, subject to appropriate confidentiality safeguards.
Less commonly, we may process this type of information where it is needed in relation to legal claims or where it is needed to protect your (or someone else’s) interests and you are not capable of giving your consent, or where you have already made the information public. We may also process such information about our people (or former people) in the course of our legitimate business activities with the appropriate safeguards.
The special categories of personal data may be used in the following ways:
in relation to leaves of absence, to comply with employment and other laws;
in relation to your physical or mental health, or disability status, to ensure your health and safety in the workplace and to assess your fitness to work, to monitor, manage and administer benefits and absences;
in relation to your race, national or ethnic origin, religious, philosophical or moral beliefs, or your sexual life or sexual orientation, to ensure meaningful equal opportunity monitoring and reporting.
DISCLOSURE:
Personal data may be transferred to service providers who support the operation of our business (such as payroll service providers), to other third parties reasonably necessary in the conduct of our business (including insurers, professional advisors, regulators). These third parties may be acting as processor, or controller of personal data in their own right.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.
RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. We will normally keep personal data of applicants who we do not employ for six months after we receive it.
We will keep personal data of employees throughout your employment and normally for a minimum of six years after your employment ends.
Changes to your personal data
It is very important that the personal information that we hold about you is accurate and current. Please tell us if your personal information changes during your relationship with us.
Data Security
We have put in place measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those of our people and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and where they have agreed to treat the information confidentially and to keep it secure. We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach and will notify you and the ICO of a suspected breach where we are legally required to do so.
Where we store your personal data
We principally store data, both electronically and on file, at our office.
Personal data may be transferred outside of the EEA by processors acting on our behalf. For transfers to countries not considered adequate by the EC, we will ensure that personal data is adequately protected, as required by the GDPR. This would include by use of the Standard Contractual Clauses adopted by the EC to protect personal data.
Your rights
Under certain circumstances, you have the right by law to request:
access to your personal data. This enables you to ask to receive a copy of the personal data that we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
correction of the personal data that we hold about you.
erasure of your personal data.
object to processing of your personal data where we are relying on our legitimate interest and there is something about your particular situation which makes you want to object to processing on this ground. You also have the right to object where we are processing your personal information for direct marketing purposes.
restriction of processing of your personal data.
transfer of your personal data to another party.
Links from our website
Our website may, from time to time, contain links to and from the websites of third parties that we permit to make such links. If you follow a link to any of these websites, please note that these websites have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for these policies. We recommend that you check these policies before you submit any personal data to these websites.
CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY
Any changes we may make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on our website, so please ensure that you are viewing the correct version.
Please contact us if you have any questions, comments or requests regarding this Privacy Policy.
Last amended May 2021.