Críticas:
PART I: INTRODUCTION. 1. Communication, Your Career, and This Book. Communication Expertise Will Be Critical to Your Success. Characteristics of Workplace Writing. At Work, Writing Is an Action. The Main Advice of This Book: Think Constantly about Your Readers. Qualities of Effective On-the-Job Communication: Usability and Persuasiveness. The Dynamic Interaction between Your Communication and Your Readers. Some Reader-Centered Strategies You Can Begin Using Now. Communicating Ethically. What Lies Ahead in This Book. Guidelines, Your Creativity, and Your Good Judgment. Case: Help Mickey Chelini Select the Right Forklift Truck. 2. Overview of the Reader-Centered Communication Process: Obtaining a Job. Central Principles of the Reader-Centered Approach. A Reader-Centered Approach to Writing Your Resume. Writer's Tutorial: Using Tables to Design a Resume. Electronic Resumes: Special Considerations. A Reader-Centered Approach to Writing Your Job Application Letter. Ethical Issues in the Job Search. Writing for Employment in Other Countries. Interviewing Effectively and Displaying Your Work. Conclusion. Case: Advising Patricia. PART II: DEFINING YOUR COMMUNICATION'S OBJECTIVES. 3. Defining Your Communication's Objectives: Purpose, Reader, Context. Guideline 1 Create a Mental Movie of Your Reader in the Act of Reading. Guidelines for Describing Your Communication's Purpose. Guideline 2 Describe the Task Your Communication Will Help Your Reader Perform. Guideline 3 Describe the Way You Want Your Communication to Alter Your Reader's Attitudes. Guidelines for Creating a Profile of Your Reader. Guideline 4 Describe Your Reader's Professional Characteristics. Guideline 5 Global Guideline: Describe Your Reader's Cultural Characteristics. Guideline 6 Learn Who ALL Your Readers Will Be. Guidelines for Understanding Your Reader's Context. Guideline 7 Describe the Context in Which Your Reader Will Read. Guidelines for Other Important Considerations. Guideline 8 Identify Any Constraints on the Way You Write. Guideline 9 Ethics Guideline: Identify Your Communication's Stakeholders. Conclusion. Case: Announcing the Smoking Ban. PART III: PLANNING. 4. Planning for Usability. Process for Planning for Usability. Guideline 1 Identify The Information Your Readers Need. Guideline 2 Organize Around Your Readers' Tasks. Guideline 3 Identify Ways to Help Readers Quickly Find What They Want. Techniques for Planning for Usability. Guideline 4 Look for a Technical Writing Superstructure You Can Adapt. Guideline 5 Plan Your Graphics. Guideline 6 Outline, If This Would Be Helpful. Guideline 7 Global Guideline: Determine Your Readers' Cultural Expectations About What Makes a Communication Usable. Guideline 8 Check Your Plans With Your Readers. Guideline 9 Ethics Guideline: Investigate Stakeholder Impacts. Conclusion. Case: Filling the Distance Learning Classroom. 5. Planning Your Persuasive Strategies. Persuasion to Influence Attitudes and Action. Persuasion to Help a Team Explore Ideas Collaboratively. How Persuasion Works. The Sources of This Chapter's Advice. Guideline 1 Listen-and Respond Flexibly to What You Hear. Guideline 2 Focus on Your Readers' Goals and Values. Guideline 3 Address-and Learn from-Your Readers' Concerns and Counterarguments. Guideline 4 Reason Soundly. Guideline 5 Organize to Create a Favorable Response. Guideline 6 Build an Effective Relationship with Your Readers. Guideline 7 Decide Whether to Appeal to Your Readers' Emotions. Guideline 8 Global Guideline: Adapt Your Persuasive Strategies to Your Readers' Cultural Background. Guideline 9 Ethics Guideline: Employ Ethical Persuasive Techniques. Conclusion. Case: Debating a Company Drug-Testing Program. 6. Conducting Reader-Centered Research. Special Characteristics of the On-the-Job Research. What Readers Want. Guiding You through the Reader-Centered Information-Gathering Process. Guideline 1 Define Your Research Objectives. Guideline 2 Identify the Full Range of Sources that May Have Helpful Information. Guideline 3 Gather Broad, Credible Information from Each Source. Guideline 4 Gather Information that Can Be Analyzed in Subgroups. Guideline 5 Create an Efficient and Productive Research Plan. Guideline 6 Carefully Evaluate What You Find. Guideline 7 Take Careful Notes. Guideline 8 Ethics Guideline: Observe Intellectual Property Law and Document Your Sources. Conclusion. Writer's Reference Guide to Using Five Reader-Centered Research Methods. Exploring Your Own Memory and Creativity. Searching the Internet. Writer's Tutorial: Three Ways to Search Efficiently on the Internet. Using the Library. Interviewing. Writer's Tutorial: Conducting Efficient Library Research. Conducting a Survey. 7. Analyzing and Interpreting Information and Data for Your Readers. Guiding Your Through the Reader-Centered Process for Analyzing Information and Data. Guideline 1 Review Your Research Objectives. Guideline 2 Arrange Your Information in an Analyzable Form. Guideline 3 Find Meaningful Relationships in the Information. Guideline 4 Examine Subgroups of Information. Guideline 5 Interpret the Relationships for Your Readers. Guideline 6 Identify the Significance of the Relationships to Your Readers. Guideline 7 Recommend Actions Based on Your Analysis. Guideline 8 Think Critically Throughout Your Analysis. Conclusion. PART IV: DRAFTING PROSE ELEMENTS. 8. Drafting Paragraphs, Sections, and Chapters. The Bridge from Planning to Drafting. The Similarities of Paragraphs, Sections, and Chapters. Guidelines for Beginning a Segment. Guideline 1 Begin by Announcing Your Topic. How Topic Statements Increase Usability. Guideline 2 Present Your Generalizations Before Your Details. Guidelines for Organizing the Information in Your Segments. Guideline 3 Move from Most Important to Least Important. Guideline 4 Consult Conventional Strategies When Having Difficulties Organizing. Guideline 5 Global Guideline: Consider Your Readers' Cultural Backgrounds When Organizing. Guidelines for Helping Readers See the Organization of Your Segments. Guideline 6 Add Signposts that Create a Map of Your Communication's Organization. Guideline 7 Smooth the Flow of Thought from Sentence to Sentence. Guideline 8 Ethics Guideline: Examine the Human Consequences of What You're Drafting. Conclusion. Case: Increasing Organ Donations. Writer's Reference Guide to Using Seven Reader-Centered Organizational Patterns. Formal Classification (Grouping Facts). Informal Classification (Grouping Facts). Comparison. Description of an Object (Partitioning). Description of a Process (Segmenting). Cause and Effect. Problem and Solution. Combinations of Patterns. 9. Developing an Effective Style. Creating Your Voice. Guideline 1 Find Out What's Expected. Guideline 2 Consider the Roles Your Voice Creates for Your Readers and You. Guideline 3 Consider How Your Attitude toward Your Subject Will Affect Your Readers. Guideline 4 Say Things in Your Own Words. Guideline 5 Global Guideline: Adapt Your Voice to Your Readers' Cultural Background. Guideline 6 Ethics Guideline: Avoid Stereotypes. Constructing Sentences. Guideline 1 Simplify Your Sentences. Guideline 2 Put the Action in Your Verbs. Guideline 3 Use the Active Voice Unless You Have a Good Reason to Use the Passive Voice. Guideline 4 Emphasize What's Most Important. Guideline 5 Vary Your Sentence Length and Structure. Guideline 6 Global Guideline: Adapt Your Sentences for Readers Who Are Not Fluent in Your Language. Selecting Words. Guideline 1 Use Concrete, Specific Words. Guideline 2 Use Specialized Terms When-and Only When-Your Readers Will Understand Them. Guideline 3 Use Words Accurately. Guideline 4 Choose Plain Words Over Fancy Ones. Guideline 5 Choose Words with Appropriate Associations. Guideline 6 Global Guideline: Consider Your Readers' Cultural Background When Choosing Words. Guideline 7 Ethics Guideline: Use Inclusive Language. Conclusion. 10. Beginning a Communication. Introduction to Guidelines 1 through 3. Guideline 1 Give Your Readers a Reason to Pay Attention. Guideline 2 State Your Main Point. Guideline 3 Tell Your Readers What to Expect. Guideline 4 Encourage Openness to Your Message. Guideline 5 Provide Necessary Background Information. Guideline 6 Include a Summary Unless Your Communication Is Very Short. Guideline 7 Adjust the Length of Your Beginning to Your Readers' Needs. Guideline 8 Global Guideline: Adapt Your Beginning to Your Readers' Cultural Background. Guideline 9 Ethics Guideline: Begin to Address Unethical Practices Promptly-and Strategically. Conclusion. 11. Ending a Communication. Guideline 1 After You've Made Your Last Point, Stop. Guideline 2 Repeat Your Main Point. Guideline 3 Summarize Your Key Points. Guideline 4 Refer to a Goal Stated Earlier in Your Communication. Guideline 5 Focus on a Key Feeling. Guideline 6 Tell Your Readers How to Get Assistance or More Information. Guideline 7 Tell Your Readers What to Do Next. Guideline 8 Identify Any Further Study That Is Needed. Guideline 9 Follow Applicable Social Conventions. Conclusion. 12. Writing Reader-Centered Front and Back Matter. How Transmittal Letters, Covers, and Front and Back Matter Increase Usability and Persuasiveness. Guideline 1 Review the Ways Your Readers Will Use the Communication. Guideline 2 Review Your Communication's Persuasive Goals. Guideline 3 Find Out What's Required. Guideline 4 Find Out What's Expected. Guideline 5 Evaluate and Revise Your Front and Back Matter. Conventions and Local Practice. Writing a Reader-Centered Transmittal Letter. Writing a Reader-Centered Cover. Writing Reader-Centered Front Matter. Writing Reader-Centered Back Matter. PART V: DRAFTING VISUAL ELEMENTS. 13. Creating Reader-Centered Graphics. A Reader-Centered Approach to Creating Graphics. Guideline 1 Look for Places Where Graphics Can Increase Your Communication's Usefulness and Persuasiveness. Writer's Tutorial: Graphics Help Readers Understand and Use Information. Guideline 2 Select the Type of Graphic That Will Be Most Effective at Achieving Your Objectives. Guideline 3 Make Each Graphic Easy to Understand and Use. Guideline 4 Use Color to Support Your Message. Guideline 5 Use Graphics Software and Existing Graphics Effectively. Guideline 6 Integrate Your Graphics with Your Text. Guideline 7 Get Permission and Cite the Sources for Your Graphics. Writer's Tutorial: Creating Reader-Centered Graphs with a Spreadsheet Program. Guideline 8 Global Guideline: Adapt Your Graphics When Writing to Readers in Other Cultures. Guideline 9 Ethics Guideline: Avoid Graphics That Mislead. Conclusion. Writer's Reference Guide to Creating Eleven Types of Reader-Centered Graphics. Tables. Line Graphs. Bar Graphs. Pictographs. Pie Charts. Photographs. Drawings. Screen Shots. Flowcharts. Organizational Charts. Schedule Charts. 14. Designing Reader-Centered Pages and Documents. A Reader-Centered Approach to Design. Design Elements of a Communication. Guideline 1 Begin by Considering Your Readers and Purpose. Guideline 2 Create a Grid to Serve as the Visual Framework for Your Pages. Writer's Tutorial: Designing Grid Patterns for Print. Introduction to Guidelines 3 through 6. Guideline 3 Align Related Elements with One Another. Guideline 4 Group Related Items Visually. Guideline 5 Use Contrast to Establish Hierarchy and Focus. Using Word Processors to Create Page Designs. Guideline 6 Use Repetition to Unify Your Communication Visually. Guideline 7 Select Type That Is Easy to Read. Guideline 8 Design Your Overall Document for Ease of Use and Attractiveness. Conclusion. Use What You've Learned. PART VI: REVISING. 15. Revising Your Drafts. The Three Activities of Revising. Checking Your Draft Yourself. Guideline 1 Check from Your Readers' Point of View. Guideline 2 Check from Your Employer's Point of View. Guideline 3 Distance Yourself from Your Draft. Guideline 4 Read Your Draft More Than Once, Changing Your Focus Each Time. Guideline 5 Use Computer Aids to Find (But Not to Cure) Possible Problems. Guideline 6 Ethics Guideline: Consider the Stakeholders' Perspective. Reviewing. Guideline 1 Discuss the Objectives of the Communication and the Review. Guideline 2 Build a Positive Interpersonal Relationship with Your Reviewers or Writer. Guideline 3 Rank Suggested Revisions-and Distinguish Matters of Substance from Matters of Taste. Guideline 4 Explore Fully the Reasons for All Suggestions. Guideline 5 Convey Suggestions to the Writer in the Most Helpful Way. Guideline 6 Ethics Guideline: Review from the Stakeholders' Perspective. Guidelines for Managing Your Revising Time. Guideline 1 Adjust Your Effort to the Situation. Guideline 2 Make the Most Significant Revisions First. Guideline 3 Be Diplomatic. Guideline 4 To Revise Well, Follow the Guidelines for Writing Well. Guideline 5 Revise to Learn. Conclusion. 16. Testing Drafts for Usability and Persuasiveness. The Logic of Testing. Guideline 1 Establish Your Test Objectives. Guideline 2 Pick Test Readers Who Truly Represent Your Target Readers. Guideline 3 Focus on Usability: Ask Your Test Readers to Use Your Draft the Same Way Your Target Readers Will. Guideline 4 Focus on Persuasiveness: Learn How Your Draft Affects Your Readers' Attitudes. Guideline 5 Interview Your Test Readers after They Have Read and Used Your Draft. Guideline 6 Avoid Biasing Your Test Results. Guideline 7 Interpret Your Results Thoughtfully. Guideline 8 Test Early and Often. Guideline 9 Global Guideline: With Communications for Readers in Other Cultures, Choose Test Readers from the Culture. Guideline 10 Ethics Guideline: Obtain Informed Consent from Your Test Readers. Conclusion. PART VII: APPLICATIONS OF THE READER-CENTERED APPROACH. 17. Communicating and Collaborating in the Globally Networked World. Corresponding Digitally. Writing Collaboratively Online. Meeting virtually. 18. Creating Communications with a Team. Varieties of Team Structures. Guideline 1 Develop a Shared Understanding of the Communication's Objectives. Guideline 2 Make and Share Detailed Plans. Guideline 3 Make a Project Schedule. Guideline 4 Share Leadership Responsibilities. Guideline 5 Make Meetings Efficient. Guideline 6 Encourage Discussion, Debate, and Diversity of Ideas. Guideline 7 Choose the Computer Technology Best Suited to Your Team's Project. Guideline 8 Global Guideline: Be Sensitive to Possible Cultural and Gender Differences in Team Interactions. Guideline 9 For Virtual Teams, Foster Personal Relationships and Conversational Interchanges. Conclusion. 19. Creating and Delivering Listener-Centered Oral Presentations. Guideline 1 Define Your Presentation's Objectives. Guideline 2 Plan the Verbal and Visual Parts of Your Presentation as a Single Package. Writer's Tutorial: Creating a Listener-Centered Presentation. Guideline 3 Focus on a Few Main Points. Guideline 4 Use a Simple Structure-and Help Your Listeners Follow It. Guideline 5 Speak in a Conversational Style. Guideline 6 Create Easy-to-Read, Understandable Graphics. Guideline 7 Involve Your Audience in Your Presentation. Guideline 8 Prepare for Interruptions and Questions-and Respond Courteously. Guideline 9 Global Guideline: Adapt to Your Audience's Cultural Background. Guideline 10 Rehearse. Guideline 11 Accept Your Nervousness-and Work with It. Making Team Presentations. Conclusion. 20. Creating Reader-Centered Web Pages and Websites. Creating a Website, Creating a Digital Portfolio. Digital Portfolio Websites. Writer's Tutorial: Using a Word Processor to Create a Digital Portfolio. Guidelines for Defining Objectives. Guideline 1 Learn About Your Site's Readers and Define Its Purpose. Guidelines for Planning. Guideline 2 Create the Map for a Site That Includes What Your Readers Want and Enables Them to Get It Quickly. Guideline 3 Gather the Information Your Readers Need. Guideline 4 Ethics Guideline: Respect Intellectual Property and Provide Valid Information. Guidelines for Drafting. Guideline 5 Design Pages That Are Easy to Use and Attr...
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