A Unifying Field in Logics: Neutrosophic Logic. Neutrosphy, Neutrosophic Set, Neutrosophic Probability (in Chinese translation by Feng Liu). Dieser Artikel ist nicht verfügbar.A Unifying Field in Logics: Neutrosophic Logic. Neutrosphy, Neutrosophic Set, Neutrosophic Probability (in Chinese translation by Feng Liu)

Neutrosophy is a new branch of philosophy, introduced by Dr. Florentin Smarandache in 1995, which studies the origin, nature, and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra.

Neutrosophic Logic is a general framework for unification of many existing logics. The main idea of NL is to characterize each logical statement in a 3D Neutrosophic Space, where each dimension of the space represents respectively the truth (T), the falsehood (F), and the indeterminacy (I) of the statement under consideration, where T, I, F are standard or non-standard real subsets of ]-0, 1+[.

Neutrosophic Set.
Let U be a universe of discourse, and M a set included in U. An element x from U is noted with respect to the set M as x(T, I, F) and belongs to M in the following way:
it is t% true in the set, i% indeterminate (unknown if it is) in the set, and f% false, where t varies in T, i varies in I, f varies in F.
Statically T, I, F are subsets, but dynamically T, I, F are functions/operators depending on many known or unknown parameters.

Neutrosophic Probability is a generalization of the classical probability and imprecise probability in which the chance that an event A occurs is t% true - where t varies in the subset T, i% indeterminate - where i varies in the subset I, and f% false - where f varies in the subset F.
In classical probability n_sup In imprecise probability: the probability of an event is a subset T of [0, 1], not a number p in [0, 1], what’s left is supposed to be the opposite, subset F (also from the unit interval [0, 1]); there is no indeterminate subset I in imprecise probability.

Neutrosophic Statistics is the analysis of events described by the neutrosophic probability.
The function that models the neutrosophic probability of a random variable x is called neutrosophic distribution: NP(x) = ( T(x), I(x), F(x) ), where T(x) represents the probability that value x occurs, F(x) represents the probability that value x does not occur, and I(x) represents the indeterminant / unknown probability of value x.

Born on December 10, 1954, in Balcesti (district of Vâlcea), Romania, wrote in three languages: Romanian, French, and English.
Poet, playwright, novelist, writer of prose, tales for children, translator from many languages, experimental painter, philosopher, physicist, mathematician.
American citizen.
He graduated from the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Craiova in 1979, got a Ph. D. in Mathematics from the State University of Kishinev in 1997, and continued postdoctoral studies at various American Universities after emigration.
In U.S. he worked as a software engineer for Honeywell (1990-1995), adjunct professor for Pima Community College (1995-1997), and since 1997 Assistent Professor at the University of New Mexico, Gallup Campus, where in 2003 he was promoted to Associate Professor of Mathematics.

During the Romanian communist era he got in conflict with authorities. In 1986 he did the hunger strike for being refused to attend the International Congress of Mathematicians at the University of Berkeley, then published a letter in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society for the freedom of circulating of scientists, and became a dissident. As a consequence, he remained unemployed for almost two years, living from private tutoring done to students. The Swedish Royal Academy Foreign Secretary Olof G. Tandberg contacted him by telephone from Bucharest.
Not being allowed to publish, he tried to get his manuscripts out of the country through
the French School of Bucharest and tourists, but for many of them he lost track.
Escaped from Romania in September 1988 and waited almost two years in the political refugee camps of Turkey, where he did unskilled works in construction in order to survive: scavenger, house painter, whetstoner. Here he kept in touch with the French Cultural Institutes that facilitated him the access to books and rencontres with personalities.
He left behind his peasant parents (although the only child of them), pregnant wife (he saw his second born son Silviu two years and half when the family reunited to America), a seven year old son Mihai.
Before leaving the country he buried some of his manuscripts in a metal box in his parents vineyard, near a peach tree, that he retrieved four years later, after the 1989 Revolution, when he returned for the first time to his native country. Other manuscripts, that he tried to mail to a translator in France, were confiscated by the secret police and never returned.
In March 1990 he emigrated to the United States.

Only during year 2000 he published 20 books, an international record!

He wrote thousands of pages of diary about his life in the Romanian dictatorship (unpublished), as a cooperative teacher in Morocco ("Professor in Africa", 1999), in the Turkish refugee camp ("Escaped... / Diary From the Refugee Camp", Vol. I, II, 1994, 1998), and in the American exile - diary which is still going on. Literary experiments he realized in his dramas: Country of the Animals, where there is no dialogue!, and An Upside-Down World, where the scenes are permuted to give birth to one billion of billions of distinct dramas!

He stated:
"Paradoxism started as an anti-totalitarian protest against a closed society, where the whole cultur