Warrior Ways is one of the first book-length explorations of military folklife, and focuses on the lore produced by modern American warriors, illuminating the ways in which members of the armed services creatively express the complex experience of military life. In short, lively essays, contributors to the volume, all of whom have close personal or professional relationships to the military, examine battlefield talismans, personal narrative (storytelling), "Jody calls" (marching and running cadences), slang, homophobia and transgressive humor, music, and photography, among other cultural expressions.

Military folklore does not remain in an isolated subculture; it reveals our common humanity by delighting, disturbing, infuriating, and inspiring both those deeply invested in and those peripherally touched by military life. Highlighting the contemporary and historical importance of the military in American life, Warrior Ways will be of interest to scholars and students of folklore, anthropology, and popular culture; those involved in veteran services and education; and general readers interested in military culture.

Auszug. � Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Warrior Ways

Explorations in Modern Military Folklore

Utah State University Press

Copyright � 2012 University Press of Colorado
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-87421-903-6

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................ixIntroduction: Modern Military Folklore, Retrospect and Prospects Tad Tuleja and Eric A. Eliason........................................11 The Things They Bring to War Carol Burke............................................................................................192 Know Thy Enemy: Camel Spider Stories among US Troops in the Middle East Justin M. Oswald............................................383 "Folk-Folkloristics": Reflections on American Soldiers' Responses to Afghan Traditional Culture Eric A. Eliason.....................584 Where Is Jody Now? Reconsidering Military Marching Chants Richard Allen Burns.......................................................795 Upper Echelons and Boots on the Ground: The Case for Diglossia in the Military Elinor Levy..........................................996 Sea Service Slang: Informal Language of the Navy and Coast Guard Angus Kress Gillespie..............................................1167 Taser to the 'Nads: Brutal Embrace of Queerness in Military Practice Mickey Weems...................................................1398 Making Lemonade: Military Spouses' Worldview as a Coping Mechanism Kristi Young.....................................................1619 oppositional Positioning: The Military Identification of young Antiwar Veterans Lisa Gilman.........................................18110 Colonel Bogey's March through Folk and Popular Culture Greg Kelley.................................................................20511 Soldier Snaps Jay Mechling.........................................................................................................22212 "America's Best": Cultural Poaching on "Ballad of the Green Berets" Tad Tuleja.....................................................248Selected Bibliographies................................................................................................................271Contributors...........................................................................................................................277Index..................................................................................................................................281

Chapter One

The Things They Bring to War

Carol Burke

Luck is always borrowed, never owned. —Norwegian saying

Today's US Army soldiers deploy with three sets of grayish green ACUs (Army combat uniforms) or three sets of the more trendy "multicams"; with a helmet that comes with pads, strap, and cover; with three pairs of G.I. boots that soldiers mold to their feet by wearing them, when new, in the shower; with canteen and cover, trenching tool, "Gerber" (a utility knife), and gloves; with both goggles to protect from sandstorms and sunglasses ("eyepro") that are only marginally more stylish; with wet-weather gear, jackets and fleece for cold weather, and even subzero-weather gear and insulated underwear. The outerwear is of high quality, but soldiers complain that the basic uniform is far too heavy in the sweltering summer heat. They haul their Kevlar body armor (with attachments for neck, shoulders, and groin) and the hefty "small-arms protective inserts" (SAPI) plates that fit into the vest and protect against high-velocity rifle rounds, and two sleeping bags—one for warm weather, one for colder weather with the option of fitting the former inside the latter. Then there's the "bivy," the bivouac sack that insulates the sleeping bag from the cold and wet. Any soldier will tell you that the only way to sleep in Army sleeping bags is nude so that body heat will be reflected off the synthetic bag. They also carry an air mattress, a rain poncho, ammo pouches, a laundry bag, a waterproof washing bag, more protective gear, a "CamelBak" (water reservoir), and eating utensils. Everything, along with a few personal items, fits snugly into one rucksack, three hefty duffles, and an "assault pack," a small backpack for toiletries, laptop, underwear, socks, and towel for the several-day trip to their destination.

Among the personal items, soldiers bring books for the online courses they will complete during their year away and extra sheets to transform a bunk bed in a tent shared with eleven to twelve other soldiers into a private space. They bring pictures of lovers, husbands, wives, and children and metal bracelets with the names of fallen comrades from previous deployments. Because most forward-operating bases (FoBs) maintain generators to heat and cool every tent and plywood structure and to keep the lights on, the computers working, and the showers hot, the soldiers and civilians who live on them bring earplugs to drown out the constant drone of generators. Some need more help in getting to sleep, and they bring white-noise machines and doctor-prescribed medication to counteract the psychological scars from previous deployments.

Deployed soldiers sport their current unit's patch on their left shoulder and the patch from a previous deployment on their right shoulder. That's on the outside; on the inside they bring their freshly inked deployment tattoos or the designs of tattoos commemorating previous deployments. Marines typically have themselves inscribed with the Marine eagle, globe, and anchor or the motto "Death Before Dishonor" as "visible reminders of who they are," according to retired Marine Corps commander Colonel Mike Denning. Other soldiers wear images of skulls, flames, and weapons attesting to their power to vanquish whatever menace might come their way. Some soldiers who have come "downrange" (soldier-speak for deployment) to Iraq and Afghanistan have brought with them a second set of dog tags, what they refer to as their "meat tags," an exact image of their official dog tags inked onto their torsos. Since the single most deadly weapon in the insurgent's arsenal in these con- flicts is the improvised explosive device, many soldiers make sure that their body, should it be blown up by an IED, can be distinguished from the remains of others. The stated purpose, however, is probably not the real function this practice serves. First, every squad leader and his platoon leader know who is going out on every mission and would instantly know who is missing. What's more, bodies would likely be charred and the "meat tag" unrecognizable were the explosion to leave only a torso. No, the ritual of going with buddies to get such a tattoo allows soldiers to acknowledge the worst that might happen, note that harsh fact on their flesh, and then get on with the mission. Meat tags function in the same way as macabre battlefield humor; they symbolically inoculate the soldier against thoughts that might otherwise incapacitate.

Those seasoned soldiers who have been this way before bring to war tales of other deployments. Sometimes they are simply short descriptions of a character they've encountered. One Marine, who asked that his name not be used, had served some hard time on previous deployments in both Iraq and Afghanistan and had lost close friends, but kept those stories to himself. He did, on the other hand, tell stories that showed his fondness for the locals he'd encountered. One of these colorful characters was affectionately named "Tooth" because he appeared to have only one tooth in his mouth, holding onto it as if it were a survivor's medal. Tooth, a...

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