dirac paul adrien maurice (16 Ergebnisse)

Zustand: very good. Gut/Very good: Buch bzw. Schutzumschlag mit wenigen Gebrauchsspuren an Einband, Schutzumschlag oder Seiten. / Describes a book or dust jacket that does show some signs of wear on either the binding, dust jacket or pages.

Softcover. Zustand: Bon. Ancien livre de bibliothèque avec équipements. Edition 2009. Ammareal reverse jusqu'à 15% du prix net de cet article à des organisations caritatives. ENGLISH DESCRIPTION Book Condition: Used, Good. Former library book. Edition 2009. Ammareal gives back up to 15% of this item's net price to charity organizations.

Zustand: Good. Second Printing. Former library book; may include library markings. Used book that is in clean, average condition without any missing pages.

Zustand: Bueno. : La Grande Unification es un libro que explora la teoría de las fuerzas fundamentales, escrito por Abdus Salam, W. Heisenberg y P.A.M. Dirac. Publicado por Seuil en 1991 y traducido del inglés por Jean Kaplan y Alain Laverne, este libro de 123 páginas forma parte de la serie Science ouverte. Ofrece una visión profunda de los conceptos científicos complejos, presentados de manera accesible para los lectores interesados en la física teórica y la historia de la ciencia. EAN: 9782020125574 Tipo: Libros Categoría: Ciencias Título: La grande unification Autor: Abdus Salam| Werner Heisenberg| Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Editorial: SEUIL Idioma: fr Páginas: 123 Formato: tapa blanda.

Hardcover. Zustand: Near Fine. Zustand des Schutzumschlags: Near Fine. 1st Edition. First Edition. viii, 71 pp. Original cloth. Near Fine, in very good+ dust jacket. Paul Dirac: Nobel Prize, Physics, 1933 (shared with Erwin Schrödinger), 'for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.' 'Einstein's general theory of relativity requires a curved space for the description of the physical world. If one wishes to go beyond superficial discussions of the physical relations involved, one needs to set up precise equations for handling curved space. The well-established mathematical technique that accomplishes this is clearly described in this classic book by Nobel Laureate P.A.M. Dirac. Based on a series of lectures given by Dirac at Florida State University, and intended for the advanced undergraduate, General Theory of Relativity comprises thirty-five compact chapters that take the reader point-by-point through the necessary steps for understanding general relativity' (Web site of Princeton University Press, which reprinted the book in its Princeton Landmarks in Physics series).

Hardcover. Zustand: Fine. Zustand des Schutzumschlags: Near Fine. First UK Edition. X,159 Pp. Grey Boards, Gilt. First Printing (Uk). Fine In Near Fine Dj, Price Clipped.

Maroon Cloth. Zustand: Fine. Zustand des Schutzumschlags: Near Fine Dustjacket. First Edition. 69 Pp. Brown Cloth Stamped In White. First Edition. Fine, No Wear Or Marks, In Near Fine Dj With A Few Small Rubs. "A General Method For Dealing With Interacting Physical Systems, Fields Or Particles, Based On An Action Principle . Some Methods Of Treatment In This Book Appear For The First Time In Print . In Particular, Those Dealing With The Motion Of Continuous Matter And Gravitational Waves".

SOFTCOVER. Zustand: Fine. 1st Edition. Small 8vo. in white and black printed stiff card covers, frontispiece, vi pp prelims + 66pp main text and 14 full page photos . [CONDITION: An exceptionally well preserved FINE very clean and tight unmarked and barely read copy ] . . __NOTE. Depending on destination, this item may require an extra payment for shipping insurance. If so, orders made by card will be completed only after you have approved the extra cost . We always ship in STRONG PROTECTIVE CARD PARCELS.

In-8 ( 240 X 160 mm ) de VIII-314 pages, broché sous couverture imprimée. Très bel exemplaire. Sciences Mathématiques Physique Mécanique.

Leatherbound. Zustand: NEW. Leatherbound edition. Condition: New. Leather Binding on Spine and Corners with Golden leaf printing on spine. Bound in genuine leather with Satin ribbon page markers and Spine with raised gilt bands. Pages: 154. A perfect gift for your loved ones. Reprinted from 1935 edition. NO changes have been made to the original text. This is NOT a retyped or an ocr'd reprint. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in black and white. Each page is checked manually before printing. As this print on demand book is reprinted from a very old book, there could be some missing or flawed pages, but we always try to make the book as complete as possible. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was published in multiple volumes then this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. IF YOU WISH TO ORDER PARTICULAR VOLUME OR ALL THE VOLUMES YOU CAN CONTACT US. Resized as per current standards. Sewing binding for longer life, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of binding. Language: English Pages: 154.

Soft cover. Zustand: Fine. 1st Edition. First edition, complete journal issue in original printed wrappers, of the second of Dirac's two 1927 papers (the first being 'The quantum theory of the emission and absorption of radiation') in which Dirac "laid the foundations of quantum electrodynamics" (Pais, p. 7). In this paper, "Dirac presented a complete theory of dispersion [the scattering of a photon by an electron], including derivations of the Kramers-Heisenberg formula and the Thomson formula for scattering of radiation by atoms. He was also able to treat the case of resonance, which theretofore had eluded quantum radiation theory" (Kragh, p. 125). It was also in this paper that the divergences which were to plague the development of quantum electrodynamics were first encountered. "Dirac's publications on quantum electrodynamics in 1927 completed the scheme of quantum mechanics. At the same time, they initiated a new field of research that soon was to move to the forefront of theoretical physics" (Kragh, p. 127). "Soon after arriving in Göttingen in February 1927, Dirac turned his attention to using field theory to understand what happens when light is scattered by an atom, normally visualized as being rather like a basketball bouncing off the hard rim of the basket. But, in the new field theory, things are not so straightforward. Dirac showed that, in the fleeting moment of a photon's scattering, it appears to pass through some strange, unobserved energy states. What makes these intermediate processes so odd is that they appear to flout the sacred law of conservation of energy. Although these subatomic virtual states cannot be seen directly, experimenters were later able to detect their subtle influences on fundamental particles. Dirac's calculations also threw up a more troubling artifact. He found that his new theory kept generating bizarre predictions: for example, when he calculated the probability that a photon had been emitted after a given interval, the answer was not an ordinary number but was infinitely large. This made no sense. The probability that an atom would emit a photon must surely be a number between zero (no chance) and one (complete certainty), so it seemed obvious that the prediction of infinity was wrong. But Dirac chose to be pragmatic. This difficulty is not due to any fundamental mistake in the theory, he wrote with more confidence than was warranted. The root of the problem, he speculated, was a simplistic assumption he had made in applying the theory; when he had identified his error and tweaked the theory, he implied, the problem would disappear. In the meantime, he dodged the difficulties using clever mathematical tricks, enabling him to use the theory to make sensible, finite predictions. But it would not be long before he saw that his optimism was misplaced: the lamb had caught its first sight of the wolf's tail" (Farmelo, p. 126). Farmelo, Dirac: A Scientific Biography, 1990; A. Pais, Paul Dirac: Aspects of his life and work, in Paul Dirac: The Man and his Work, ed. P. Goddard, 1998, pp. 1-45. 8vo, pp. 619-748, vi. Original printed wrappers.

First edition. FERMI-DIRAC STATISTICS AND THE FIRST STEPS TOWARDS QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS. First edition, extremely rare offprint, of Dirac's paper, which "is justly seen as a major contribution to quantum theory" (Kragh, p. 36). It introduced his quantum mechanical derivation of what is now called Fermi-Dirac statistics, which describes a distribution of particles (now known as fermions, a name coined by Dirac in 1945) in certain systems containing many identical particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principlemeaning that no two of the particles can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. It also contains Dirac's first steps towards quantum electrodynamics. The paper "will be remembered as the first in which quantum mechanics is brought to bear on statistical mechanics. Recall that the earliest work on quantum statistics, by Bose and by Einstein, predates quantum mechanics. Also, Fermi's introduction of the exclusion principle in statistical problems, though published after the arrival of quantum mechanics, is still executed in the context of the 'old' quantum theory. All these contributions were given their quantum mechanical underpinnings by Dirac, who was, in fact, the first to give the correct justification of Planck's law, which started it all: 'Symmetrical eigenfunctions give just the Einstein-Bose statistical mechanics . . . (which) leads to Planck's law of black-body radiation'" (Pais, p. 6). Dirac's paper is credited "for having laid the foundations of the integration of quantum mechanics and quantum statistics because they introduced the quantum-mechanical expression of the symmetry of a system under exchanges of equal particles. The quantum formalism of exchange symmetry is regarded as having solved at once long-standing difficulties regarding the statistical properties of both equal particles and light quanta by clarifying and legitimizing the previously foggy notion of indistinguishable particles" (Monaldi, p. 125). The second part of the present paper contained the seed of Dirac's invention of quantum electrodynamics, which was brought to fruition a few months later in 'The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation'. In the present paper, "Dirac considered a system of atoms subjected to an external perturbation that could vary arbitrarily with the time [Dirac obtained results] 'in agreement with the ordinary Einstein theory,' that is, with the quantum mechanical derivation of the B coefficients that occurred in Einstein's theory of 1917 [that gave the probability of absorption and stimulated emission of radiation]. Since he made use of a classical description of the electromagnetic field, Dirac was not at the time able to proceed further, and he noted, 'One cannot take spontaneous emission [i.e. the A coefficients] into account without a more elaborate theory.' This more elaborate theory was ready less than half a year later" (Kragh, pp. 120-121). OCLC lists University of Florida only (where Dirac spent his last years). No copy in auction records. Provenance: Bertha Swirles (1903-99) (signature on front wrapper, extensive annotations to lower margins of last two pages of text, including several equations). As an undergraduate at Cambridge Swirles attended lectures by J. J. Thomson and Rutherford. She remained at Cambridge in 1925 to undertake research in mathematical astronomy under the supervision of Ralph Fowler; another of Fowler's research students, a couple of years ahead of Swirles, was Paul Dirac. After periods at Bristol, Imperial College, London, and Manchester, Swirles took up a lectureship in mathematics at Girton College, Cambridge in 1938, where she remained for the rest of her career. The present paper was "Dirac's first published response to Schrödinger's theory [i.e., wave mechanics]. He had corresponded with Heisenberg while completing his PhD thesis in Cambridge in the spring of 1926. Many years later, he wrote in his recollections that he did the [present] work on many-particle systems after Heisenberg convinced him of the usefulness of wave mechanics. Dirac felt 'at first a bit hostile' to this theory because it seemed to him that it represented a regress to 'the pre-Heisenberg stage.' In a non-extant letter to Heisenberg, he criticized Schrödinger because 'the wave theory of matter must be inconsistent just like the wave theory of light'. Heisenberg agreed with this criticism but nonetheless saw Schrödinger's theory as progress. Thanks to Heisenberg's detailed explanation of the relation between the two formal schemes, Dirac could see that wave mechanics 'would not require us to unlearn anything that we had learned from matrix mechanics' but rather 'supplemented the matrix mechanics and provided very powerful mathematical developments which fitted perfectly with the ideas of matrix mechanics'. "In Dirac's retrospective account, it was the study of Schrödinger's formalism that suggested to him the possibility of symmetric and antisymmetric wave functions for a system of similar particles. These 'symmetry questions,' in turn, 'brought in the possibility of new laws of Nature' "Instead of confronting Schrödinger's undulatory interpretation, Dirac set out to reformulate Schrödinger's formal apparatus in general terms according to his own mathematical approach. He deduced the expression of the general solution of a quantum-mechanical problem as a linear expansion with arbitrary constants in 'a set of independent solutions,' which he called eigenfunctions (p. 664). This formal milestone enabled him to develop a quantum-mechanical treatment of multiparticle systems and to reach three lasting results. He arrived at the symmetry and antisymmetry of the wave functions, formulated the statistics that we now know as Fermi-Dirac statistics, and derived a calculation of Einstein's coefficients of absorption and stimulated emission "Dirac adopted 'an atom with two electrons' as the simplest multiparticle system. In his atom, however, all interactio.

First edition. THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS. First edition, extremely rare offprint, of Dirac's quantum theory of the electromagnetic field, which for the first time reconciled the wave and particle nature of light. "This paper marks the birth of quantum electrodynamics. In his 'Introduction and Summary,' Dirac noted that the new quantum theory, based on non-commuting dynamical variables, was by then sufficiently developed to form a 'fairly complete theory of any 'dynamical system' composed of a number of particles with instantaneous forces acting between them, provided it is describable by a Hamiltonian function.' But hardly anything had been done 'up to the present on quantum electrodynamics.' 'The questions of the correct treatment of a system in which the forces are propagated with the velocity of light instead of instantaneously, of the production of an electromagnetic field by a moving electron, and of the reaction of this field on the electron, have not yet been touched. In addition there is a serious difficulty in making the theory satisfy all the requirements or the restricted principle of relativity' Gregor Wentzel, who contributed significantly to the development of quantum electrodynamics during the 1920s, commented in 1959: 'Today the novelty and boldness of Dirac's approach to the radiation problem may be hard to appreciate there had been no possibility within the correspondence principle framework to understand the process of spontaneous emission or the disappearance of a photon. Dirac's explanation came as a revelation' In his paper, Dirac dealt with the problem of an atom interacting with the radiation field in two distinct ways that can be characterized as the 'corpuscular' and the 'wave' approaches. In the corpuscular approach, the light quanta are described as an assembly of 'non-interactive particles moving with the speed of light and satisfying the Einstein-Bose statistics' In the last brief section of his paper, Dirac turned to the interaction of an atom with the electromagnetic field as described from the wave point of view In a lecture on the origin of quantum field theory in 1982, Dirac characterized the two approaches as follows: 'Instead of working with a picture of the photons as particles one can use instead the components of the electromagnetic field. One thus gets a complete harmonizing of the wave and corpuscular theories of light. One can treat light as composed of electromagnetic waves, each wave to be treated like an oscillator; alternatively, one can treat light as composed of photons, the photons being bosons and each photon state corresponding to one of the oscillators of the electromagnetic field. One then has the reconciliation of the wave and corpuscular theories of light. They are just two mathematical descriptions of the same physical reality" (Schweber, pp. 23-31). "Dirac's approach was instantly welcomed as the first consistent quantum theory of radiation and accepted as the paradigm in a whole series of subsequent studies" (Kojevnikov, p. 232). "Salam and Wigner, in their preface to the Festschrift that honored Dirac on his seventieth birthday and commemorated his contributions to quantum mechanics, succinctly assessed the man. 'Dirac is one of the chief creators of quantum mechanics Posterity will rate Dirac as one of the greatest physicists of all time He is a legend in his own lifetime and rightly so'" (ibid., pp. 11-12). Not on OCLC, no copies in auction records. Provenance: Bertha Swirles (1903-99) (signature on front wrapper, marginal pencil annotations including an equation in the lower margin of p. 261). As an undergraduate at Cambridge Swirles attended lectures by J. J. Thomson and Rutherford. She remained at Cambridge in 1925 to undertake research in mathematical astronomy under the supervision of Ralph Fowler; another of Fowler's research students, a couple of years ahead of Swirles, was Paul Dirac. After periods at Bristol, Imperial College, London, and Manchester, Swirles took up a lectureship in mathematics at Girton College, Cambridge in 1938, where she remained for the rest of her career. Before Dirac's work, the understanding of the emission and absorption of radiation was founded on that set out by Einstein in 1917. Einstein admitted the existence of three kinds of processes involving the interaction of radiation with matter: spontaneous emission, absorption, and stimulated emission. Einstein denoted the probability per unit time of these processes A, ?B, and ?B', where ? is the intensity of the incident radiation in the cases of absorption and stimulated emission. Einstein showed that, in order to satisfy Planck's radiation law, one must have B = B', so that the processes were determined by two coefficients, A and B. The new process of stimulated emission, in which an atom is 'persuaded' to undergo a quantum jump between two quantum states when radiation of the correct frequency is incident upon it, is the process involved in the operation of the laser. Dirac's first study of radiation theory was the subject of the last section of the important paper 'On the Theory of Quantum Mechanics'. The first part of this paper is best known for establishing the connection between Bose-Einstein statistics and symmetric wave functions, on the one hand, and what became known as Fermi-Dirac statistics and anti-symmetric wave functions, on the other. In the second part of this paper, "Dirac considered a system of atoms subjected to an external perturbation that could vary arbitrarily with the time. Of course, the particular perturbation he had in mind was an incident electromagnetic field, but, characteristically, he stated the problem in the most general way possible [Dirac obtained results] 'in agreement with the ordinary Einstein theory,' that is, with the quantum mechanical derivation of the B coefficients that occurred in Einstein's theory of 1917. Since he made use of a classical description of the electromagnetic field,

Zustand: Very Good. First Edition. First edition of Paul Dirac's first major paper, as published in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Vol. 109, Dirac's paper pp. 642-653; total pages 561-653, plus obituary notices of Fellows (I-XXXIV). In publisher's original wrappers, with new spine, pages toned and with creasing to bottoms, stamp to blank verso of plates. Very Good.

London, Harrison And Sons, Ltd., 1927. Royal8vo. Contemp. full cloth. A small stamp on verso of titlepage. In: "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London", Series A, Vol. 114. VI,IX,748 pp. (entire volume offered). Dirac's papers: pp. 243-265 a. pp. 710-728. Clean and fine. First appearance of these milestone papers in Quantum Physics, constituting the first step in Quantum Field Theory and the invention of the Second Quantifization Method. By these papers Dirac "gave the foundation for that theory, quantum electrodynamics"(Pais)."A New Radiation Theory. Dirac liked his transformation theory because it was the outcome of a planned line of research and not a fortuitous discovery. He forced his future investigations to fit it. The first results of this strategy were almost miraculous. First came his new radiation theory, in February 1927, which quantized for the first time James Clerk Maxwell?s radiation in interaction with atoms. Previous quantum-mechanical studies of radiation problems, except for Jordan?s unpopular attempt, retained purely classical fields. In late 1925 Jordan had applied Heisenberg?s rules of quantization to continuous free fields and obtained a light-quantum structure with the expected statistics (Bose Einstein) and dual fluctuation properties. Dirac further demonstrated that spontaneous emission and its characteristics?previously taken into account only by special postulates?followed from the interaction between atoms and the quantum field. Essential to this success was the fact that Dirac?s transformation theory eliminated from the interpretation of the quantum formalism every reference to classical emitted radiation, contrary to Heisenberg?s original point of view and also to Schrödinger?s concept of ? as a classical source of field.This work was done during Dirac?s visit to Copenhagen in the winter of 1927. Presumably to please Bohr, who insisted on wave-particle duality and equality, Dirac opposed the "corpuscular point of view" to the quantized electromagnetic "wave point of view." He started with a set of massless Bose particles described by symmetric ? waves in configuration space. As he discovered by? playing with the equations, ? this description was equivalent to a quantized Schrödinger equation in the space of one particle" this? second quantization? was already known to Jordan, who during 1927 extended it into the basic modern quantum field representation of matter. Dirac limited his use of second quantization electromagnetic to radiation: to establish that the corpuscular point of view, once brought into this form, was equivalent to the wave point of view."(DSB).