map fer (13 Ergebnisse)

Engraved map of Scotland, image size 370 X 515 mm., some faint hand-colouring, mounted on card, some foxing and browning to blank margins. No actual title but with 'Table' printed top right. Due to being mounted on card this will not fold for posting but would need to be sent flat. Overall size is 460 X 590 mm.

No Binding. Zustand: Very Good. 1st Edition. Fer, Nicolas de (1646-1720). Plan de Pondichery a la côte de Coromandel occupé par la Compagnie Royale des Indes Orientales. Paris, chez le Sr de Fer dans l'Isle du Palais a la Sphére Royale avec privilege du Roy, 1705. Engraved map by A[ntoine] Coquart (1668-1709) after the cartographer's design. Oblong folio. Plate impression 25 x 36.5cm; overall size 26.7 x 38.5 cm. Detailed map of the main French trading port in South East India and its surroundings in its early stages. The fortified city built in a grid pattern is shown to the right with the river Pondichery and its harbour outlet to the Indian Ocean to the left. An explanatory text in the right margin contains the geographical location with a key to twenty-two main points of interest marked in capital letters. Three entries relate to the famous textile manufacture in natural dyes - (southwest :) 0. Endroit ou on bat les toiles (place where cloth is beaten and pressed during the dyeing process); (southeast:) V. La Blancherie indicates the location for bleaching, rinsing and drying fabrics in meadows surrounded by hedges; two units marked X in the eastern part of the town refer to Rue de Tisserands (weavers street). The French East India Company was set up in Pondicherry in 1674 under the tutelage of Colbert as a trading centre which became the main French settlement in India. Commercial relations between France and India developed rapidly as the taste for Indian goods increased. Good water quality allowed the establishment of bleaching and dyeing industries which produced the finest dyed blue cloth. The world-famous chintzes, hand-painted or stenciled fabrics exported to Europe, owed their desirability to their fast bright blues and reds, produced by indigo and chay-root , a plant native to coast southwest India.

A wonderful small map of North America, showing California as an island and labeled as such. Much of the middle of the present-day U.S. is labeled "Floride," while the West is styled "Noveau Mexique." Two natives support the cartouche in the upper left corner of the map. This map may come from a pocket atlas. McLaughlin,The Mapping of California as an Island: 100. Age toned with light soiling; a bit of margin roughness; remargining of both lower corners outside image area. 5 1/4 x 6 3/8.".

Very good. Original platemark visible. Blank on verso. Minor overall toning. Size 9.5 x 14 Inches. This is a beautiful 1705 Nicholas de Fer map of the walled city of Cologne, Germany. Oriented with North to the right, this map identifies the location of the city on the banks of the Rhine River. Originally the capital city of the Roman province Germania Inferior, Cologne was established in 50 AD. The medieval city wall surrounding the city was built in 1180 and enclosed the Free Imperial City for 600 years. Of the original 12 city gates, only Eigelsteintorburg, Hahnentorburg, Severinstorburg and Ulrepforte remain to this day. The remains of Bayen, the medieval tower and the city wall at Gereonswall can also been seen today. This map identifies various streets, churches and other notes other topographical details throughout. This map created by Nicholas de Fer in 1705.

Very good. Minor wear along original centerfold. Original platemark visible. Size 9 x 13.5 Inches. This is a scarce 1701 map of the Duchy of Milan in Northern Italy by Nicholas De Fer. Centered on the city of Milan, it covers the northern part of Italy from Lake Como south to Bobbio and from Turin east as far as Lake Garda. Includes parts of the regions of Parma, Savoy, Piedmont, Switzerland, Venice and Mantua. The map renders the entire region in extraordinary detail offering both topographical and political information with mountains beautifully rendered in profile. The NaviglioCanal, one of the most important canals in Italy, is identified. Originally constructed as a possible defensive ditch in the mid- 12th century, the Naviglio Canal would eventually become the first artificial canal in all of Europe. The Duchy of Milan, created in 1395, was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire. At the time this map was created, the Duchy was under Spanish control. Following the War of Spanish Succession, Spain would lose many of its territories in Italy, including the Duchy of Milan to Habsburg Austria, until in 1796, Napoleonic forces would conquer it. The Duchy of Milan would eventually cease to exist in 1797, with the signing of the Treaty of Campo Formio. Overall, a very interesting and attractive map of the region surrounding Milan to appear in the beginning of the 18th century. This map was engraved by Harmanus van Loon and created by Nicholas De Fer for his 1701 Atlas.

Very good. Minor wear along original centerfold. Original platemark visible. Minor offsetting. Size 9 x 13.5 Inches. This is a beautiful 1701 map of Spain and Portugal by Nicholas De Fer. It covers the Iberian Peninsula as well as adjacent parts of France and Africa and prominently displays the Balearic Islands of Majorca, Minorca, and Ibiza. The map renders the entire region in extraordinary detail offering both topographical and political information with mountains beautifully rendered in profile. Spain at this time was witnessing the War of the Spanish Succession. After the death of the Spanish Habsburg King Charles II, the Spanish crown passed onto his successor Prince Philip of Anjou. Fearing that a union between France and Spain would threaten the balance of power in Europe, the Grand Alliance of the Holy Roman Empire, Portugal, Dutch Republic and the Duchy of Savoy declared war claiming the Spanish throne for Archduke Charles of Austria instead of Philip. In 1711, when the Austrian Emperor Joseph I died leaving Archduke Charles as his successor, an even greater threat of an Austrian-Spanish Alliance loomed if Charles were to claim the throne to both Austria and Spain. The war would end in 1714 with the signing of the treaties of Utrecht, Rastatt and Baden. Philip would become King of Spain after all, on the condition that he is removed from the French line of succession. Spain lost many of its territories and granted Great Britain asiento . This map was engraved by Harmanus van Loon and created by Nicholas De Fer for his 1701 Atlas.

Very good. Even overall toning. Exhibits light wear along original centerfold. Blank on verso. Size 26.75 x 20.25 Inches. This is a 1708 Nicholas de Fer map of Burgundy and Franche-Comté, France. Beautifully engraved, myriad cities, towns, and villages are labeled throughout the region, including Besançon, Dole, Vesoul, and Belfort. Mountains reference the region's incredible Jura Mountains and forests make clear the region's wooded nature. The Doubs, Saone, and Lougnon Rivers are illustrated and labeled as well. Wine and Cheese Two of Franche-Comté's most well-known products are yellow wine ( vin jaune ) and comté cheese. Vin jaune is a specialty of the Jura region and is a special type of white wine. It resembles a dry Sherry, and even has some similar characteristics, including its aroma, but vin jaune is not a fortified wine. A festival called La Percée du Vin Jaune takes place annually during the last week of January or the first week of February and celebrates the release of the most recent vintage (which would have been harvested seven years earlier). The festival is held in a different village every year, and in recent years it has attracted over 30,000 visitors. Comté is also a specialty of Franche-Comté and is made from unpasteurized cow's milk. Burgundy or Franche-Comté Historically, Franche-Comté was part of Burgundy, and over the centuries has either been part of Burgundy or has been its own independent province. Today, the region is known as Bourgogne-Franche-Comté after Burgundy and Franche-Comté were merged on January 1, 2016. Publication History and Census This map was created by Nicolas de Fer and published in 1708. Eight examples are cataloged in OCLC and are part of the institutional collections at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the Bibliothèque de Genève, the Newberry Library, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich, the Deutches Museum Bibliothek in Munich, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, the University of North Carolina Wilmington, and the Landesbibliothek Coburg. References: OCLC 165876270.

Excellent. Size 9 x 12.75 Inches. This is a fascinating 1716 Nicholas de Fer schematic map of the aqueducts, fountains, and underground pipes of Paris, France. Paris was growing quickly at this time and faced a major challenge in that its water supply system was inadequate for its swelling population. The map addresses some of the immediate concerns of the period: sanitation and water supply. A Closer Look Oriented towards the northeast, this map covers what is now the central section of Paris, roughly from the Place Vendôme at top to the Place de la Bastille at bottom, and the area around the Jardin du Luxembourg at left to the area that today is just south of Gare de l'Est in the 10th Arrondissement at right. Abbreviations are explained above the scale at bottom-left; 'R.' here is not an abbreviation for 'rue' but for 'regard,' meaning 'manhole,' which in this context was a small stone hut that allowed access to the wells, pipes, and aqueducts providing water to the city. Explanatory text at bottom-right refers to other pages in the Atlas Curieux where all the fountains were listed. Historical Context The context for this map is that Paris had long suffered chronic shortages of water, a problem that was only worsening by the year as the capital's population grew (from 415,000 in 1637 to 600,000 in 1700). Some of the city's water came from springs and wells, but the majority came from the Seine, which was filled with wastewater and other impurities. There was very little understanding of the sources of waterborne disease at the time, and Paris' sewer system was equally inadequate, so that the result was a city rife with disease. Still, even the tainted water supply was insufficient to meet the city's needs. Efforts undertaken in the reign of Henry IV and his successor Louis XIII (discussed below) improved the situation somewhat. Still, it was only in the last days of the Ancien Régime and into the Napoleonic Period that more noticeable improvements came. Only the remaking of Paris by Georges-Eugène Haussmann (and the development of germ theory) in the 1850s and 1860s left Paris with a ready supply of clean water, and good sewers to boot. The 'Aqueduc Médicis' The 'Grands reservoirs des eaux de Rungis' referred to at left were connected to the city via the 'Aqueduc Médicis,' named after Marie de Médicis, the wife of Henry IV and queen until his assassination in 1610, and then regent to her young son, Louis XIII (r. 1610 - 1643). Improving Paris' water supply had been a major concern for Henry IV, and during her regency, Mary was determined to complete an aqueduct from Rungis, as discussed by the late king. Louis XIII laid the first stone for the aqueduct in honor of his slain father in 1613, and it was completed and went into service a decade later, in 1623. Mostly built underground, the aqueduct has one large and impressive bridge across the Bièvre Valley. It closely follows the path of a Roman aqueduct built in the 2nd or early 3rd century CE, which was only briefly in use before attacks on the city forced residents of the left (south) bank to flee to the Île de la Cité. Parisian Pumps 'Samaritaine' near the center refers to the Pompe de la Samaritaine, a large water wheel built along the Seine at the Pont Neuf to provide water to the fountains and royal palaces nearby. It was originally completed in 1608 (at the request of Henry IV) and elaborated several times, including a significant upgrade in 1712, becoming a major source of water in the central part of the city. A similar pump was built on the Pont Notre-Dame in 1676 and was likewise an important feature in the city's water system. Both pumps can be seen alongside their respective bridges in the famous, monumental 1739 Turgot map of Paris (also sold by us, Paris-turgot-1739-2). Publication History and Census This map was prepared by Nicholas de Fer in 1716 for his Atlas Curieux . It also appeared in some printings of his similar, contemporary work Beautés de.

Very good. Mended fold split at bottom impacting image with no loss. Minor mend to top border with no loss. Else excellent with original outline color. Size 17 x 25.25 Inches. This large, beautiful, and rare map of the Russian Empire, engraved by Nicolas de Fer and published in 1722, is a fascinating revision of Nicolas Witsen's 1687 map of the Tatar Empire and Siberia. It incorporates the novel reports of Evert Ysbrandzoon Ides - derived from his journeys between Moscow and China - as well as the Central Asian voyage of Philippe Avril. A Closer Look The map presents Russia in Asia from the Empire's western border with Sweden, Livonia, and Lithuania eastwards to highly conjectural Arctic and Pacific coastlines. The map's scope includes Nova Zembla in the north whilst reaching southwards to the Black and Caspian Seas, Persia, and the Mogul Empire (northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan). In the southeast, China and Korea are recognizable. The path taken by Ides on his 1692 embassy is traced from Moscow to the Ob River and east to Lake Baikal. From there, the track leads to Nerchinsk ( Nerzinskoi ) on the frontier with China, and then south through Chinese Tartary, crossing the Great Wall, to Peking. The map's conic projection - not apparent, given the lack of latitude or longitude lines - is illustrated by the placement of two separate compass roses at sharply different angles in the sea north of Tartary. The Sources In 1692, Peter the Great sent Ides as an envoy to Kangxi China in the wake of the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk. Ides produced a map in 1704 to accompany his report. Although Ides credited his map to Nicolaes Witsen, his map was more reflective of Russian cartography at the end of the 17th century than Witsen's 1687 map. Bagrow identified its probable source as a Russian chertyozh (technical map), which Witsen hoped that Ides would be able to correct and improve. Bagrow suspected that Ides may have added content not only from his own journeys but also from Russian maps acquired in Moscow. The Russian origin of Ides' map tends to be supported by the rectilinear, primitive form of the maps appearing in the 1704 editions of his travelogue, reflective of Russian conventions at the end of the 17th century. Among the features incorporated in the present Witsen-derived work is the track taken by Ides and his 250-man entourage. Among these was his secretary, Adam Brand (1692 - 1746), who published his own account of the journey. A table on the right lists the itinerary of the expedition according to Brand. The detail for the southern portion of the map, between the Caspian Sea and China, is distinctive and different from either Witsen's or Ides' map. It is derived from Philippe Avril's abortive attempt at a land voyage to China in the 1680s. His journey took him to Armenia, Astrakhan, Kurdistan, and Persia before he was diverted north to Moscow and then ejected to Poland. He published a report of the journey on his return to Europe. The Cartouche The map's elegant and decorative cartouche encompasses not only the map's title and scales but also the positions (latitude and longitude) of Constantinople, Moscow, and Peking. In the background to the right, a landscape evokes the central Asian steppes; below the cartouche, a vignette depicts the Ides embassy's petition to the Emperor in Peking. Publication History and Census This map was drawn in Paris by Nicolas de Fer and printed by his son-in-law and successor Jacques François Bénard in 1722. The map was separately issued and not included in a conventional atlas; consequently, it is extremely scarce. We see just ten examples in institutional collections and price records, with only three examples having come to market over the past 40 years. References: OCLC 316449426. Bagrow, Leo, A History of the Cartography of Russia up to 1800.p. 93, footnote 128.

Very good. Original color, refreshed. Marginal mend not impacting image, else excellent. Size 9 x 13 Inches. This is Nicolas De Fer's 1705 map of Mexico, the Gulf Coast, and Florida. It illustrates French ambitions in the New World, particularly hopes to size and control the rich Mines of Santa Barbara. This map, and others like it, were subsequently influential in the inflation of the Mississippi Company - one of the world's first bubble economies. A Closer Look Centered on the Gulf of Mexico, coverage embraces from Baja California to Florida and Cuba, covering the Gulf of Mexico, parts of New Mexico as far north as Santa Fe and as far as south in Central America as Panama. De Fer intended this map to illustrate the full extent of Spanish domination in North America and French dominance of the coastline between Florida and Texas. French settlements are identified at Fort Biloxi and Fort Maurepas, which are noted but not specifically named. Well within the regions color-coded as part of Spain, Fort Saint Louis, La Salle's failed colony, is also noted. The Mines of St. Barbe or the Santa Barbara silver mines of Chihuahua-Durango Perhaps this map's most striking feature is its dramatic illustration of 'Les Fameuses Mines de Ste. Barbe'. Although called by some the El Dorado of New Spain, these mines are real and were well-known in the 17th century. The Mines of St. Barbe are better known as the Santa Barbara silver mines of Chihuahua-Durango. They were first discovered in 1567 by the Spanish Conquistador Rodrigo del Rio de Losa (1536 - 1604). Although initially difficult to exploit due to extreme remoteness and lack of indigenous labor, by 1600, Santa Barbara had grown to a population of 7000 and was becoming a wealthy silver town. When Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1643 - 1687), set out from France, his intention was to found his colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Although it may have been an error that La Salle founded his colony far to the west of the Mississippi at Matagorda Bay, he was certainly aware of the political implication of its perceived proximity to the Santa Barbara Mines. In addition to several eastward expeditions in search of the mouth of the Mississippi, there is strong evidence that La Salle also traveled extensively west of the Mississippi, no doubt in hopes of seizing the Santa Barbara mines. Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan Recollect priest, both a high-ranking member of La Salle's expedition and a potent rival to La Salle, claimed that La Salle intended to seize glory in the form of the Santa Barbara mines before he set out on his first expedition. Such was not an impractical ambition. When La Salle sailed from France to found his colony, France and Spain were involved in the War of the Reunions (1683 - 1684). Seizing the Santa Barbara Mines would have been a major blow to the Spanish and a territorial and financial coup for the French. Little did he know, the war with Spain ended just two weeks after he sailed from France, and the nations became cautious allies. Curiously, despite Santa Barbara being a prominent and wealthy silver city and one of the northernmost outposts of New Mexico back in France, La Salle's failure to conquer it gave the mines an 'El Dorado-like' mystique. John Law, the Scottish economist, millionaire, con artist, and murderer wasted no time capitalizing on the Santa Barbara legend to promote his nascent Mississippi Company. Law disseminated rumors that the 'Mines of St. Barbe' had been discovered and distributed ingots supposedly taken from the mine. Speculation on the mines, as well as other scams, pushed Mississippi Company stock to astronomical highs, creating one of the world's first bubble economies. This was possible because of cartographers like De Fer, who, by illustrating the mines on their maps, made the legend of the Mines de Ste. Barbe part of early 18th-century French popular mythology. Publication History and Census This map was published only in De.

Very good. Marginal reinstatement and mended tear at bottom, no loss. Size 9 x 13.5 Inches. A landmark 1700 map showing California as an island and the first published dissemination of Fr. Eusebio Kino's groundbreaking explorations in New Mexico and California. A Closer Look Drawn by Nicolas de Fer, official Geographe de Monseigneur le Dauphin , this map covers from Cape Mendocino (California) to the Gulf of Mexico and the mouth of the Mississippi River (as erroneously placed, by Hennepin, in the vicinity of Galveston Bay) and from Santa Fe to Mexico City. Place names are identified textually and numerically, referencing a table of 314 locations in the upper right. The State of the Art As the title suggests, De Fer based this map on documents sent to the Monsieur Regis at the Paris Academie Royale des Sciences by a 'Spanish Grandee.' This most likely refers to Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora, the Spanish Royal Geographer in Mexico City, who prepared a manuscript version of Kino's map in 1696 (a copy of this manuscript survives in the Jesuit Library of Rome). The original missive was most likely intended for Guillaume Delisle, a highly respected French cartographer who held the title of Geographe du Roi . However, as Geographe de Monseigneur le Dauphin , De Fer would also have had access, a fact on which he was quick to capitalize. Thus, some cartographic historians have considered this map the 'first pirated copy' of Kino's work. However, close examination reveals that, while Kino's explorations form its essence, De Fer's map stands alone as a separate piece - a synthesis of Kino's new information with the established model for the mapping of the west. California as an Island The idea of an insular California first appeared as a work of fiction in Garci Rodriguez de Montalvo's c. 1510 romance Las Sergas de Esplandian ; subsequent exploration of the region by the Spanish revealed a peninsular Baja, and this mapping stood for many years. However, beginning in 1624, maps produced by the English and the Dutch began to promote the idea that California was an island. By the middle of the century, French geographer Nicolas Sanson added his authority to the myth. California's insularity was thus established cartographic canon by the time De Fer's map was produced. Hennepin's Mississippi The Mississippi River here enters the Gulf of Mexico at the eastern extreme of this map, significantly west of its actual mouth. Although by 1700, La Salle had successfully located the mouth of the Mississippi, De Fer's map reflects the earlier Hennepin model. This had the effect - likely deliberate - of dramatically expanding French Louisiana and showing the proximity of French territory to the rich silver mines of central Mexico - a fact that would not have been lost on either the French King or De Fer's personal patron the Dauphin. Pre-Kino Cartography Where De Fer draws from earlier maps, he identifies these elements textually. These include major cities in Mexico, Santa Fe, Mexico City, Compostella, Culiacan, St. Luis Potosi, Sombrette, and Sinaloa, among others. Situated to the north and west of Santa Fe are Gran Teguaio and Gran Quivira, speculative Kingdoms of Gold derived from Spanish legend and conquistador reports. Publication History and Census This map was engraved by Charles Inselin for inclusion in De Fer's L'Atlas Curieux ou le Monde . It was also published in De Fer's 1701 Cartes et Descriptions Generales et Particulieres . d'Espagne . This map exists in two states, this being the first. The only notable difference between the two is the date change, 1700 to 1705, in the title cartouche. References: OCLC 28249974. McLaughlin, G., The Mapping of California as an Island: An Illustrated Checklist, #134.

Good. Small holes in top margin. Repair in the left-hand margin. Wear along centerfold. Size 14.25 x 12.5 Inches. A 1719 Nicholas de Fer city plan or map of Pamplona, Spain, engraved by Antoine Coquart. The primary focus is the fortifications surrounding the city, a reflection of the recent War of the Spanish Succession. A Closer Look Though best known internationally for the 'running of the bulls' today, at the height of the Spanish Empire's power Pamplona was among the most strategically and politically important cities in northern Spain. This map was published in the wake of the War of the Spanish Succession, a long and costly conflict that broke apart the Habsburg realm and, along with the contemporaneous Great Northern War, signaled a shifting balance of power in Europe, with Britain, Russia, and Prussia being major beneficiaries in the long term. As a result, the emphasis here is on the fortifications surrounding the city, including gates (portes). The castle at bottom, the Ciudadela de Pamplona, is built in the bastion fort or trace italienne style that became dominant in the early modern period. Inside the walled city, important administrative and religious structures are indicated. The Erga River flows on two sides of the city, while features in the surrounding countryside, including farms and more religious sites, are noted. Publication History and Census This map was engraved by Antoine Coquart and published by Nicolas de Fer in 1719. It is only known to be held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the Biblioteca Nacional de España and has no known history on the market. De Fer published several works on fortifications for the French crown in the late 17th and early 18th century, and this map may have been included in one of those works, most likely the extensive Suitte de l'Introduction a la Fortification ou des Forces de l'Europe published in 1736. References: OCLC 494598038.

Very good. Old reinforcement of margins and few mended marginal tears. Lightly toned with some spotting, else an attractive example with old hand color. Size 18.25 x 23.5 Inches. This is Nicolas de Fer's 1699 map of America, in a lovely old color example of the second state, printed in 1705. Both of the first two states of this map were separately issued, and are consequently rare. This detailed and richly annotated map, derived from De Fer's own 1698 L'Amerique Divisée Selon Letendue de set Principales Parties , shows the Americas during a period in which France was dominant in the exploration and mapping of North America. Its superb engraving is the work of Harmanus Van Loon, who also engraved De Fer's larger-scale work. Richly Decorative Van Loon's engraving presents the cartographic detail clearly, but does not neglect the decorative content. A sea-battle is depicted in the South Pacific, and there are two elegant compass roses. The map's dedicatory cartouche in the upper left, flanked by native figures, is surmounted with royal arms and fleurs-de-lis; the dedication is to Nosseigneurs les Enfens de France , that is to say the Royal Princes of France, and not French children en masse . The title cartouche on the lower left, also flanked by indigenous figures, is set before a depiction of the mountain of Potosi (the location in Bolivia of the Spanish Colonial silver mint) and its surrounding city and windmills. The map's scales are displayed in the lower right, their cartouche embellished with geographers' tools such as a globe, rulers, maps, pens, and so on. A cartouche in the upper right (decorated with a coconut tree with oddly spear-shaped leaves) is blank in the first four states of the map; it would not receive text until the 1726 Benard state. North American Geography DeFer's map displays the Great Lakes and the Mississippi watershed based on state-of-the-art geography of the Academie Royale des Sciences , much of which can be ascribed to Jean Baptiste-Louis Franquelin's firsthand reports. All five Great Lakes are shown; Hudson's bay is properly aligned with them. While their southern reaches are better oriented to the east coast than on the preceding Fr. Hennepin maps, De Fer's mapping of that coast is confused, with a greatly distorted Chesapeake Bay, an archaic John Smith-era treatment of Virginia, and a meager portioning of New England. The Mississippi, much like the Hennepin maps before it, is reasonably accurate despite the mouth being situated too far west (in the vicinity of Galveston Bay) and the placement of the Ohio River too far south. The map contains an early, reasonably accurate delineation of the Missouri River ( Outanes R. on the map). Insular California: Luke Foxe / Sanson Model California is shown in insular form, one of the last instances of this prior to the correction of the myth in the early 18th century. The version presented here is often erroneously referred to as the 'Sanson Model.' The term is in fact derived from a 1635 map of the North American Arctic drawn by Luke Foxe. It was Foxe who invented many of the place names as well as added various bays and inlets to northern California. Among these are Talaaago, R. de Estiete, and the curious peninsula extending westward form the mainland, Agubela de Cato. Foxe's sources remain a mystery and his mapping may be based upon nothing more than fantasy, but Sanson embraced the model whole heartedly. Although Sanson did not invent this form of insular California, his substantial influence did popularize it with subsequent cartographers. As is often the case with insular California cartography, the Pacific Northwest is left ambiguous with the interior of Canada occupied by speculative lakes and rivers. There appear to be more concrete reports as well from this region, such as the Recollect mission placed in the vicinity of Lake Winnipeg, ( Assinibouels on the map) far to the west of the locations that are typically understood to have fallen within.