verrier urbain jean joseph (34 Ergebnisse)

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LeatherBound. Zustand: New. LeatherBound edition. Condition: New. Reprinted from edition. Leather Binding on Spine and Corners with Golden leaf printing on spine. Bound in genuine leather with Satin ribbon page markers and Spine with raised gilt bands. A perfect gift for your loved ones. NO changes have been made to the original text. This is NOT a retyped or an ocr'd reprint. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in black and white. Each page is checked manually before printing. As this print on demand book is reprinted from a very old book, there could be some missing or flawed pages, but we always try to make the book as complete as possible. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was published in multiple volumes then this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. Sewing binding for longer life, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of binding. Pages: 19.

LeatherBound. Zustand: New. LeatherBound edition. Condition: New. Reprinted from edition. Leather Binding on Spine and Corners with Golden leaf printing on spine. Bound in genuine leather with Satin ribbon page markers and Spine with raised gilt bands. A perfect gift for your loved ones. NO changes have been made to the original text. This is NOT a retyped or an ocr'd reprint. Illustrations, Index, if any, are included in black and white. Each page is checked manually before printing. As this print on demand book is reprinted from a very old book, there could be some missing or flawed pages, but we always try to make the book as complete as possible. Fold-outs, if any, are not part of the book. If the original book was published in multiple volumes then this reprint is of only one volume, not the whole set. Sewing binding for longer life, where the book block is actually sewn (smythe sewn/section sewn) with thread before binding which results in a more durable type of binding. Pages: 35.

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Soft cover. Zustand: Very Good. Urbain Jean Joseph le Verrier, "Premier Mémoire sur la théorie d'Uranus", in "Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l Académie des Sciences", Paris, Bachelier, volume 21, no. 19, 1845,with Le Verrier's paper on pp 1050-1055, and offered as an extract (without the original wrappers) of the weekly issue from a larger bound volume. This is the first publication of Le Verrier's prediction for the planet beyond Uranus, the discovery of which was made the next year (1846) to 1-degree of where he predicted it to be. [++] "The planet Neptune was mathematically predicted before it was directly observed. With a prediction by Urbain Le Verrier, telescopic observations confirming the existence of a major planet were made on the night of September 23 24, 1846, at the Berlin Observatory, by astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle (assisted by Heinrich Louis d'Arrest), working from Le Verrier's calculations. It was a sensational moment of 19th century science and dramatic confirmation of Newtonian gravitational theory. In François Arago's apt phrase, Le Verrier had discovered a planet 'with the point of his pen'. --Wiki.

[Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1868], in-4 de 40 pp. avec simple titre de départ, br., couv. bleue impr., un peu effrangée, petites fentes au dos. Rare extrait des "Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences", tome LXV, séance du 23 décembre 1867. Rapport rédigé pendant une période cruciale de l'administration de l'Observatoire et de la carrière de l'astronome Le Verrier [1811-1877] dont la gestion, vivement contestée, devait prendre fin, une première fois, en 1870. Nommé à nouveau à la tête de l'Observatoire en 1873, il devait conserver ce poste jusqu'à sa mort. Le Verrier, un des fondateurs de la météorologie moderne, dirigeait l'Observatoire depuis 1854 ; il avait succédé à Arago. Lors de son retour en 1873, après la mort de son successeur et ennemi Charles-Eugène Delaunay, il se fit assister par un étudiant, J.B. Gaillot, qui compléta les théories de Jupiter et de Saturne, sujets que Le Verrier n'avait pu traiter entièrement. Cf. D.S.B., VIII, 276-279.

Hardcover. Zustand: Good. Urbain Jean Joseph le Verrier, "Premier Memoire sur la theorie d'Uranus", in "Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l'Academie des Sciences", Paris, Bachelier, volume 21, 1845, with Le Verrier's paper on pp 1050-1055, and offered in the full bound volume of 1502pp. Bound in a modern standard blue library cloth; old German university rubber stamp on rear title page. Very crisp and bright. [++] This is the first publication of Le Verrier's prediction for the planet beyond Uranus, the discovery of which was made the next year (1846) to 1-degree of where he predicted it to be. [++]"The planet Neptune was mathematically predicted before it was directly observed. With a prediction by Urbain Le Verrier, telescopic observations confirming the existence of a major planet were made on the night of September 23 24, 1846, at the Berlin Observatory, by astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle (assisted by Heinrich Louis d'Arrest), working from Le Verrier's calculations. It was a sensational moment of 19th century science and dramatic confirmation of Newtonian gravitational theory. In François Arago's apt phrase, Le Verrier had discovered a planet 'with the point of his pen'.--Wiki [++] There are numerous papers presented in this volume on the electric telegraph, including one short mention by Arago of the Morse telegraph's exhibition in 1844 of the successful (and revolutionary) demonstration of nearly-simultaneous Washington-Baltimore communication. [++] Also: FIZEAU and FOUCAULT, "Sur le phenomenes des interferences entre deux rayons de lumiere dans le cas de grandes differences de marche" pp 1155-1157. [++] Also in this volume are papers by Flourens, Faraday, Dufour, Brongnart, Cauchy, Biot, Bory de St.-Vincent, Arago, Magendie, Lioville, Pelouze, and many others. FNCH 004 FNCH 007.

(Paris, Bachelier), 1845. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l?Académie des sciences", Vol. 21, No 19. Pp. (1009-) 1082 (entire issue offered). With titlepage to vol. 21. Le Verrier's paper: pp. 1050-1055. Stamp to top of titlepage. First appearance of Le Verrier's first paper on the anomalities in the orbit of Uranus, the calculations on which eventually leading to his prediction and discovery of a new planet, Neptune the following year, 1846.

Hardcover. Zustand: Good. LE VERRIER, Urbain Jean Joseph. "Sur la planete qui produit les anomalies observees dans le mouvement d'Uranus - Détermination de sa masse, de son orbite et de sa position actuelle" and five other papers in "Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences", Paris, Bachelier, vol 23, 1219pp. Bound in a modern standard blue library cloth; old German university rubber stamp on rear title page. Very crisp and bright. [++] "Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier (1811-1877) was a French astronomer and mathematician who specialized in celestial mechanics and is best known for predicting the existence and position of Neptune using only mathematics.In 1845 he turned his attention to the irregular orbit of Uranus, which he explained by assuming the presence of a previously unknown planet. Independently of the English astronomer John C. Adams, he calculated the size and position of the unknown body and asked the German astronomer Johann G. Galle to look for it. On Sept. 23, 1846, after only an hour of searching, Galle found Neptune within one degree of the position that had been computed by Le Verrier. As a result of this achievement Le Verrier received, among other awards, the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of London and was named an officer in the Legion of Honour. A chair of astronomy was created for him at the University of Paris."--Encyclopedia Britannica. [++] Offered here are six papers by LeVerrier and others regarding his discovery of the suspected planet beyond the orbit of Uranus (Neptune). The supra-remarkable part here is that LeVerrier predicted the planet via mathematics and observations of the orbit of Uranus. In this suite of papers are: "Sur la planete qui produit les anomalies observees dans le mouvement d'Uranus - Determination de sa masse, de son orbite et de sa position actuelle" pp. 428-438. [AND] "Extrait d'une lettre de M. Schumacher à M. Le Verrier." p. 106. [AND] "Sur la planete qui produit les anomalies observees dans le mouvement d'Uranus - Cinquième et derniere partie, relative a la determination de la position du plan de l'orbite." pp 657-662. [AND] From the "correspondence" section, "Planete le Verrier M. Arago a donne lecture d'une Lettre qu'il a recue de m. Challis.", pp 715-716. [AND] Arago, "Planete le Verrier Examen des remarques critiques et des questions de priorite que la decouverte de M. L. Verrier a soulevees." p. 741-754. [ALSO] "Binet, "Note sur la determination approximates de la distance du soleila la planete Le Verrier" with an internal-to-this-paper "Note de M. L Verrier", pp 798-800.  +[PHOTOGRAPHY]+ Also in this volume are several extremely early reports on producing photographs on paper these are among the earliest notices to appear in French of this revolution breakthrough in the new science. ALSO: Foucault and Fizeau, "Observations de MM. Foucault et Fizeau concernant l'action des rayons rouges sur les plaques daguerriennes (lettre de M. Foucault a M. Arago)", pp 679-682. (WITH) BECQUEREL, Edmond, "Observations de MM. Foucault et Fizeau concernant l'action des rayons rouges sur les plaques daguerriennes", pp 800-804. (With) Foucault, "Remarques a l'occasion d'un memoire lu par M. Edmond Becquerel concernant l'action chimique des diverses parties du spectre solaire", pp 856-7. [ALSO] a one sentence notice on pp 879-880of M. Arago announcing to the Academy that Fox-Talbot had successfully produced a photographic image on paper. [ALSO] Arago presents example of photographs printed on paper by Blanquart-Evrard" in two short paragraphs on p. 1083. FNCH 007.

Paris, Bachelier, 1846. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l?Académie des sciences", Vol. 23, No 9 (entire issue offered). With htitle and titlepage to vol. 23. Pp. 425-484. Le Verrier's paper: pp. 428-438. First printing of this important paper in the history of astronomy in which Le Verrier predicted the existence of a new planet, determining its orbit and the mass as well as its actual position, so that, by informing Dr. Galle the following month, where he should look for it in the sky. The same evning when Galle had received the letter, he found close to the position given by Le Verrier a strange body showing a small planetary disc, which was soon recognized as a new planet, known now as Neptune. Adams in England, independently made the same prediction."Until 1846 there was no theory of Uranus that permitted its movements to be represented satisfactorily. In 1821 Bouvard had constructed tables that, abandoning the older positions, adhered very closely to recent observations. Yet twenty years later a discrepancy of two minutes had already been observed, and several astronomers suggested that it might result from the attraction of an unknown planet. In 1845 Arago presented the problem to Le Verrier, who began by establishing a precise theory of Uranus. He then demonstrated that its observed perturbations could not be explained as the effect of the actions of Jupiter and Saturn, whatever modifications might eventually be made in the values assigned to the masses of those planets. He began to search for signs of an unknown disturbing planet. Finally, in a third memoir on the subject, appearing on 31 August 1846, Le Verrier fixed the exact position of the unknown planet and gave its apparent diameter."(DSB).

(Paris, Imprimerie de Bachelier), 1843. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Journal de Mathématiques pures et appliquées.Publié par Joseph Liouville", tome VIII. Pp. 273-360. Clean and fine. First appearance of Le Verrier's provisional theory on the motion of Mercury, his studies of which eventually did much to demonstrate the validity of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. The planetary orbits should agree with the predictions of the General Theory of relativity, but as Einstein pointed out in his "Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkurs aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" from 1915, the divergences predicted were too small to be observed, except in the case of the nearest planet Mercury, where the perihelion advance, according to the formula, reaches the value of 43" per 100 years, being in full agreement with the calculations of Le Verrier, who found this unexplained rest in the perihelion advance of Mercury per century, if the perturbations due to the other planets are deduced.- Einstein tells in a letter to a friend that for several days he was in a 'state of delirious joy' by this wonderful astronomical confirmation of his theory."Le Verrier first began to study Mercury on the suggestion of Arago in 1840. Astronomers realized that Mercury's perihelion (the point at which the orbit of a planet is closest to the sun) advanced along its orbit at a rate of 566 seconds per century. Le Verrier calculated that, even when taking into account the forces exerted by other planets in the solar system, there still existed a discrepancy between calculation and observation. Le Verrier's accurate calculations showed that the planet's perihelion.did indeed advance forty seconds of an arc per century more than could be accounted for by Newton's theory of gravitation, even after the minor pertubing effects of the other planets had been allowed for." (Asimov). - Le verrier published these findings in the present work, carefully as to the mass of the planet, comparison with other orbits of planets and their perihelia. At the time, Le Verrier put down the discrepancy to mis-observation or mis-calculation.- Sparrow, Milestones of Science No. 133.

Paris, Bachelier, 1846. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendu hebdomadaires des Séances de l?Académie des Sciences", Vol. 22, No 22. Pp. (893-) 928. (Entire issue offered). Le Verrier's paper: pp. 907-018. First appearance of Le Verrier's paper in which he postulated the existance of a new planet on mathematical premises from the gravitational disturbencies of Uranus."In 1846 John Cauch Adams. and Urban J. Leverrier. simultaneously and independently determined the location of a possible new planet. In 1845 he wrote of his findings of the mathematical location of a new planet to Sir George Bidell Airy, Because Adams was unknown, his letter was put aside. Meanwhile the same perturbations of Uranus had become of interest to Leverrier. On July 1(should be June !), 1846 he presented a paper "Recherches sur les mouvements d'Uranus" (the paper offered) to the Academie des Sciences inParis. When Airy realized that Leverrier and Adams had reached the same conclusions, he hastened to suggest that a search be made for the newplanert. Shortly hereafter it was seen bur not recognized. About a week before it was found in England, it was discovered by Galle in Berlin on information supplied by Leverrier. Thus, the honour of the discovery, or even co-discovery of the new planet, Neptune, was lost to Adams and credited to Leverrier. Adams paper was reade before the Royal Astronomical Society, November 13, 1846, and was published in 1847. (Milestones p. 40).Milestones of Science No 132. - Dibner No. 16.

8vo. 1 p. on bifolium. Interesting letter from the year of Le Verrier's death to a fellow member of the Institut de France, requesting a meeting to resolve a conflict in which "the one and the other" was at fault: "De mon côté, j'ai réprimé mon desir d'aller vous voir pensant que je ne vous serais pas agréable. Nous avons eu tort l'un et l'autre : et deux au contraire grand ça ne va pas qu'il faut se voir afin de mieux aviser et de concerter la route à suivre, scientifique et politiquement. Ceci entendu, comme je vous verrai au plus tard d[ans] l'Institut, je n'en dis pas plus long". - Despite his sensational discovery of Neptune in 1846, Le Verrier had a difficult standing in the scientific community and was engaged in many arguments. In 1854, he first became director of the Paris Observatory but unhappiness over his management led to his removal from office in 1870. When his successor and adversary Charles-Eugène Delaunay drowned in 1872, Le Verrier was reinstated as director of the Observatory, albeit under close supervision. His name is among those of the 72 French scientists commemorated on the Eiffel Tower. - Minimally creased. With a collector's note in pencil.

Large 8vo. ½ p. on bifolium. To the physicist Jules Antoine Lissajous (1822-1880). - The French mathematician specialized in celestial mechanics and is best known for his part in the discovery of Neptune. "As a result of this achievement Le Verrier received, among other awards, the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of London and was named an officer in the Legion of Honour. A chair of astronomy was created for him at the University of Paris" (Enc. Br.). - On stationery with printed letterhead of the "Observatoire Imperial". With minor defects to edges and small spot in the lower margin. With a small label, the monogram stamp "LS" and ms. number "120" on the reverse of fol. 2. - Rare.

(Paris, Imprimerie de Bachelier), 1843. 4to. Recent blue boards. 87, (1) pp. Clean and fine. In "Journal de Mathématiques pures et appliquées", tome VIII. Scarce first separate edition of Le Verrier's provisional theory on the motion of Mercury, his studies of which eventually did much to demonstrate the validity of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. The separate edition - as we have it here - is paginated 1-87, while the periodical version is paginated 273-359.The planetary orbits should agree with the predictions of the General Theory of relativity, but as Einstein pointed out in his "Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkurs aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" from 1915, the divergences predicted were too small to be observed, except in the case of the nearest planet Mercury, where the perihelion advance, according to the formula, reaches the value of 43" per 100 years, being in full agreement with the calculations of Le Verrier, who found this unexplained rest in the perihelion advance of Mercury per century, if the perturbations due to the other planets are deduced.- Einstein tells in a letter to a friend that for several days he was in a 'state of delirious joy' by this wonderful astronomical confirmation of his theory."Le Verrier first began to study Mercury on the suggestion of Arago in 1840. Astronomers realized that Mercury's perihelion (the point at which the orbit of a planet is closest to the sun) advanced along its orbit at a rate of 566 seconds per century. Le Verrier calculated that, even when taking into account the forces exerted by other planets in the solar system, there still existed a discrepancy between calculation and observation. Le verrier's accurate calculations showed that the planet's perihelion.did indeed advance forty seconds of an arc per century more than could be accounted for by Newton's theory of gravitation, even after the minor pertubing effects of the other planets had been allowed for." (Asimov). - Le verrier published these findings in the present work, carefully as to the mass of the planet, comparison with other orbits of planets and their perihelia. At the time, Le Verrier put down the discrepancy to mis-observation or mis-calculation.- Sparrow, Milestones of Science No. 133.

Soft cover. Zustand: Very Good. 1st Edition. Recherches sur le mouvements d'Uranus. In: Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Vol. XXII, no. 22, June 1846, pp. 907-918. Paris: Bachelier, 1846. Two volumes. 4to (283 x 226 mm). Entire volumes 22 (Jan. - June 1846) and 23 (July - Dec. 1846). [4], 1208; [4], 1219 [1] pp., including half-title and general title-page in each volume. Original plain brown paper wrappers with printed paper label to spines; pages untrimmed and mostly unopened. Some minor foxing in places (first gatherings including half-title and title of vol. 22 stronger), light browning and occasional dust- and finger-soiling mostly to outer margins, half-titles browned stronger; a few leaves frayed. Provenance: from the collection of late Dr. Samy Mizrahi, Bouillargues. A very good, unsophisticated set. ---- Sparrow, Milestones of Science 132; Evans 25; Norman 1343 (book form). - In 1845 the astronomer and physicist Francois Arago encouraged Le Verrier to examine observed anomalies in the movements of the known planet Uranus. Le Verrier began by establishing a precise theory of Uranus which he demonstrated in his memoir "Recherches sur les Mouvements d'Uranus" published in Volume 22, number 22. He showed that the discrepancies in the orbit of Uranus could not be explained by the gravitational effects of the Sun, Jupiter or Saturn, but were in fact caused by the presence of an as yet unknown planet within its orbit. "In 1846, John Couch Adams, an English astronomer, and Urban J. J. Leverrier, a French astronomer, simultaneously and independently determined the location of a possible new planet. Adams put Newton's theory of attraction to a test by studying the causes of the irregularities in the motion of the planet Uranus. In 1845, he wrote of his findings of the mathematical location of the new planet to Sir George Biddell Airy, Astronomer Royal. Because Adams was unknown, his letter was put aside. Meanwhile these same perturbations of Uranus had become of interest to Leverrier. On July 1, 1846, he presented a paper Recherches sur les movement d'Uranus (1846) to the Académie des Sciences in Paris. When Airy realized that Leverrier and Adams had reached the same conclusions, he hastened to suggest that a search be made for the new planet. Shortly thereafter it was seen but not recognized. About a week before it was found in England, it was discovered by Galle in Berlin on information supplied by Leverrier. Thus, the honor of priority of discovery, or even co-discovery of the new Planet, Neptune, was lost to Adams and credited to Leverrier. Adam's paper On the perturbations of Uranus was read before the Royal Astronomical Society, November 13, 1846, and was published in 1847" (Sparrow, p.40). The other papers by Le Verrier and coworkers contained in volume 23 are: 1. Extrait d'une lettre de M. Schumacher à M. Le Verrier, p. 106. 2. Sur la planète qui produit les anomalies observées dans le mouvement d'Uranus - Détermination de sa masse, de son orbite et de sa position actuelle, pp. 428-438. 3. Sur la planète qui produit les anomalies observées dans le mouvement d'Uranus - Cinquième et dernière partie, relative à la détermination de la position du plan de l'orbite (with) Planète de M. Le Verrier (letter from Galle to Le Verrier), pp. 657-663. 4. Planète de M. Le Verrier (letter from Challis to Le Verrier), pp. 715-716. 5. Comparaison des observations de la nouvelle planète, avec la théorie déduite des perturbations d'Uranus (with) LE VERRIER & ARAGO, Planète Le Verrier. Examen des remarques critiques et des questions de priorité que la découverte de M. Le Verrier a soulevées, pp. 741-755. 6. LE VERRIER & BINET, Note sur la détermination approximative de la distance du soleil à la planète Le Verrier, pp. 798-800. - Visit our website to see more images!.

Soft cover. Zustand: Fine. 1st Edition. First edition, complete journal volume, a pristine copy in its original state, of the first appearance of Le Verrier's mathematical prediction of the existence of Neptune, "undeniably one of the major scientific events of the nineteenth century" (Lequeux, p. 22). This journal issue precedes by five months the more detailed separate publication with the same title. Neptune, whose existence was visually confirmed in 1846, was the first planet to be discovered by mathematical rather than observational means. The discovery of Neptune not only represents the greatest triumph for Newton's gravitational theory since the return of Halley's Comet in 1758, but it also marks the point at which mathematics and theory, rather than observation, began to take the lead in astronomical research . . . The discovery of Neptune resulted from the need to develop a theory explaining the motion of the solar system's seventh planet, Uranus, the movements of which could not be completely accounted for by the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn. Several astronomers since the planet's discovery in 1781 had suggested that the perturbations in Uranus's orbit could be caused by an as yet unknown trans-Uranian planet. However, the complex mathematics required for proving this hypothesis was so daunting that no one had attempted the task . . . Le Verrier had begun his own work on the Uranus problem in the summer of 1845, encouraged by François Arago, who by then had become France's leading astronomer" (historyofinformation). Le Verrier communicated the result of his investigations to several astronomers who had powerful instruments at their disposal. Among them was J. G. Galle, at the Berlin observatory, who was notified by Le Verrier on 23 September. Two days later he wrote to Le Verrier, announcing that he had observed the planet within 1° of Le Verrier's predicted position. "During the time that Le Verrier was conducting his research on the movements of Uranus, the English astronomer J. C. Adams was independently arriving at the same conclusions, which he communicated to the Astronomer Royal, George Biddell Airy. Adams's paper remained unpublished until 1847" (Norman). Sparrow, Milestones of Science 132; Evans 25; Norman 1343 (separate issue). Lequeux, Le Verrier Magnificent and Detestable Astronomer, 2013 (especially Chap. 2, 'The Discovery of Neptune (1845-1846)'). 4to, pp. [iv], [1], 2-1208. Original plain wrappers with printed paper spine label, uncut and unopened. A remarkable survival.

Paris, Bachelier, 1845 a. 1846. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l?Académie des sciences", Vol. 21, No 19, Vol. 22, No 22, Vol. 23, Nos 9, 14, 16 a. 17. (6 entire issues offered). Le verrier's papers: pp. 1050-1055 (No 19), pp. 907-919 (no 22), pp. 428-438 (No 9), pp. 657-659, 659-643, 676 (No 14), pp. 741, 741-754, 754 (No 16), pp. 798-799, 799-800 (No 17). With title-pages to vol. 21,22 a. 23. Titlepages with a small stamp in upper corner and a perforated stamp to lower margin. Light yellowing to title-pages, otherwise clean and fine on good paper. First printing of Le Verrier's importent and famous papers, predicting and confirming the discovery of the Planet Neptune, including the "preparatory" paper, the first paper on the anomalities in the orbit of Uranus, the calculations on which eventually leading to his prediction and discovery of a new planet, Neptune the following year, 1846."In 1846 John Cauch Adams. and Urban J. Leverrier. simultaneously and independently determined the location of a possible new planet. In 1845 he wrote of his findings of the mathematical location of a new planet to Sir George Bidell Airy, Because Adams was unknown, his letter was put aside. Meanwhile the same perturbations of Uranus had become of interest to Leverrier. On July 1(should be June !), 1846 he presented a paper "Recherches sur les mouvements d'Uranus" to the Academie des Sciences inParis. When Airy realized that Leverrier and Adams had reached the same conclusions, he hastened to suggest that a search be made for the newplanert. Shortly hereafter it was seen bur not recognized. About a week before it was found in England, it was discovered by Galle in Berlin on information supplied by Leverrier. Thus, the honour of the discovery, or even co-discovery of the new planet, Neptune, was lost to Adams and credited to Leverrier. Adams paper was reade before the Royal Astronomical Society, November 13, 1846, and was published in 1847. (Milestones p. 40).Milestones of Science No 132. - Dibner No. 16.

First edition. THE PREDICTION OF THE EXISTENCE OF NEPTUNE: THE RARE OFFPRINT. First edition, second offprint issue, very rare, of Le Verrier's mathematical prediction of the existence of Neptune, "undeniably one of the major scientific events of the nineteenth century" (Lequeux, p. 22). "Neptune, whose existence was visually confirmed in 1846, was the first planet to be discovered by mathematical rather than observational means. The discovery of Neptune not only represents the greatest triumph for Newton's gravitational theory since the return of Halley's Cometin 1758,but it also marks the point at which mathematics and theory, rather than observation, began to take the lead in astronomical research . The discovery of Neptune resulted from the need to develop a theory explaining the motion of the solar system's seventh planet, Uranus, the movements of which could not be completely accounted for by the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn. Several astronomers since the planet's discovery in 1781 had suggested that the perturbations in Uranus's orbit could be caused by an as yet unknown trans-Uranian planet. However, the complex mathematics required for proving this hypothesis was so daunting that no one had attempted the task . Le Verrier had begun his own work on the Uranus problem in the summer of 1845, encouraged by François Arago, who by then had become France's leading astronomer. On November 19, 1845 Le Verrier published his first brief paper on the subject in the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, following it with three more equally brief papers published on June 1, August 31 and October 5, 1846. These short papers, totaling only 34 pages, were preliminary to the full and detailed account Le Verrier gave of his results in [the present work]; on p. 5 of that work Le Verrier referred to the Comptes rendus papers as 'publications partielles'" (). Le Verrier communicated the result of his investigations to several astronomers who had powerful instruments at their disposal. Among them was J. G. Galle, at the Berlin observatory, who was notified by Le Verrier on 23 September. Two days later he wrote to Le Verrier, announcing that he had observed the planet within 1° of Le Verrier's predicted position. "During the time that Le Verrier was conducting his research on the movements of Uranus, the English astronomer J. C. Adams was independently arriving at the same conclusions, which he communicated to the Astronomer Royal, George Biddell Airy. Adams's paper remained unpublished until 1847" (Norman 1343). OCLC lists nine copies of this issue; no copy listed on ABPC/RBH. "In his celebrated treatise on celestial mechanics, Pierre Simon de Laplace had developed mathematical expressions for the mutual perturbations exerted by the planets as a result of their gravitational attraction. Using these expressions, one could carry out numerical calculations to produce tables of the positions of the planets over time. The responsibility for doing so was claimed by the Bureau of Longitudes, headed by Laplace himself, though the work of actually performing these backbreaking calculations was distributed among several astronomers at the Bureau, including Delambre, Alexis Bouvard, and Burckhardt. Bouvard, Laplace's student, was assigned the most thankless task. In 1821, he began the laborious calculation of tables predicting the movements of the three giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. The calculation of the tables of Jupiter and Saturn proved to be relatively straightforward. Uranus, however, proved to be highly intractable. Even after taking into account the perturbations exerted by the other planets, Bouvard could not derive a set of orbital elements that would successfully account for the movements of Uranus during the entire period over which it had been observed . "Resigned to defeat, Bouvard wrote in the introduction of his Tables of Uranus in 1821 that it would remain the task of future investigators to determine whence arose th.

FIRST EDITIONS. Original pink wrappers, Slightly faded and chipped edges; some foxing. Held together in bolding red case. 1. "Recherches sur les mouvements d'Uranus." From Comptes rendus hebdonadaires des sà ances de l'academie des sciences (hereafter Comptes rendus), Volume 22, No. 22, pp. 907-918. Paris: Bachelier, 1 June, 1846. 2. "Sur la planà te qui produit les anomalies observà es dans le mouvement d'Uranus - Dà termination de sa masse, de son orbite et de sa position actuelle." From Comptes rendus, Volume 23, No. 9, pp. 428-438. Paris: Bachelier, 31 August, 1846. 3. "Extrait d'une lettre de M. Schumacher à M. Le Verrier." From Comptes rendus, Volume 23, No. 2, p. 106. Paris: Bachelier, 13 July, 1846. (Letter from Schumacher to Le Verrier regarding a comet.) 4. "Sur la planà te qui produit les anomalies observà es dans le mouvement d'Uranus - Cinquià me et dernià re partie, relative à la dà termination de la position du plan de l'orbite." (with) "Planà te de M. Le Verrier." (Letter from Galle to Le Verrier.) (with) "Lettre de M. Le Ministre de l'instruction publique." (Nomination of Le Verrier.) From Comptes rendus, Volume 23, No. 14, pp. 657-659; 659-663; 676. Paris: Bachielier, 5 October, 1846. 5. "Planà te de M. Le Verrier." From Comptes rendus, Volume 23, No. 15, p. 715-716. Paris: Bachelier, 12 October, 1846. (Letter from Challis to Le Verrier.) 6. "Comparaison des observations de la nouvelle planà te, avec la thà orie dà duite des perturbations d'Uranus." (with) ___ & ARAGO. "Planà te Le Verrier. Examen des remarques critiques et des questions de priorità que la dà couverte de M. Le Verrier a soulevà es. (with) Letter from Gauss to Libri. From Comptes rendus, Volume 23, No. 16, pp. 741; 741-754; 754. Paris: Bachelier, 19 October, 1846. 7. ___ & BINET. "Note sur la dà termination approximative de la distance du soleil à la planà te Le Verrier." (with) "Note de M. Le Verrier." From Comptes rendus, Volume 23, No. 17, pp. 798-799; 799-800. Paris: Bachelier, 26 October, 1846. 8. "Note de M. Le Verrier." From Comptes rendus, Volume 23, No. 18, p. 854. Paris: Bachelier, 2 November 1846. 9. "Note de M. Le Verrier." From Comptes rendus, Volume 23, No. 19, p. 863. Paris: Bachelier, 9 November 1846. 9 parts. 4to. All in original printed wrappers. First editions, first printings. These publications represent the cumulative work of Le Verrier's prediction of the existence of the then unknown planet Neptune, using only mathematics and astronomical observations of the planet Uranus. Realizing that the irregularity of the orbit of Uranus was due to the influence of an undiscovered planet further out, Le Verrier succeeded in computing the mass and orbit of the perturbing body. He sent his prediction of the missing planet's position to Johann Galle (1812-1910) of the Berlin Observatory, who actually found Neptune on his first night of looking, 23 September 1846, based upon Le Verrier's predicted location. Le Verrier (1811-1877) was encouraged by the physicist Arago, then Director of the Paris Observatory. Unknown to Le Verrier, an English scientist, John Couch Adams, had arrived at the same conclusions, though the results of Adams' work were written in a private letter and dated two days later than Le Verrier's public lecture to the French Academy on 31 August, 1846. Although controversy arose over the credit for the discovery, as Adams began his work before Le Verrier and indeed made the same prediction nearly a year earlier, Adams failed to publish until more than a month following Galle's sighting. The dispute was apparently made even more difficult by Le Verrier's arrogance and violent temper. Le Verrier went on to work on a re-evaluation of planetary motion and perturbations, and published a table of the motions of all known planets. He also theorized that the slow precession of Mercury's orbit around the sun could not be completely explained by Newtonian mechanics, and suggested another planet in between Mercury and the sun (Vulcan). He was d.