example new type cosmological solutions von gödel kurt (2 Ergebnisse)

Hardcover. Zustand: Very Good. GOEDEL, Kurt. "Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations of Gravitation" in In Commemoration of the Seventieth Birthday of Albert Einstein.Lancaster, American Physical Society, 1949. Volume 21, July, No. 3, 1949 of Reviews of Modern Physics.  __+__Offered in the original wrappers, bound in the full volume of the journal, containing the full volumes 21+22, 1949 and 1950. Pp. iv, ii, 343-540. The full vol contains #21 parts 1-4 (1949) 652pp; #22 (1950) #s 1-4, 432pp.__+__ First edition of an absolute powerhouse issue of this journal, containing 32 papers including a dozen important contributions. (Godel's paper is "the most important one on relativity since my own original paper appeared", Einstein to Morgenstern, 1972). Also in this volume are significant papers by Dirac, Feynman, Wheeler, and many others. In vol 22 are many other contributors including Alpher and Herman "Theory of the Origin and Relative Abundance Distribution of the Elements". BOUND in library cloth; ex-library, with call numbers on spine and the usuallibrary stamps. Nice copy. __+__ Contains: 1. Millikan, Robert A. Albert Einstein on His Seventieth Birthday. Pp. 343-5. 2. De Broglie L. L'Oeuvre d'Einstein et la Dualité des Ondes et des Corpuscules. Pp. 345-83. 3. Von Laue, Max. Zu Albert Einstein's 70th Geburtstag. Pp. 348-9. 4. Frank, Philipp. Einstein's Philosophy of Science. Pp. 349-56. 5. Vallarta, M. S. Galactic Rotation Effect and the Origin of Cosmic Radiation. Pp. 356-7.6. 6.Lemaître, Georges. Cosmological Application of Relativity. Pp. 357-67. 7. Gamov, G. On Relativistic Cosmogony. Pp. 367-74.8. 8. Tolman. R. C. Age of the Universe. Pp. 374-78. 9. Robertson, H. P. Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity. Pp. 378-83. 10. Chandrasekhar, S. Brownian Motion, Dynamical Friction, and Stellar Dynamics. Pp. 383-88. 11. Taub, A. H. Special Method for Solving the Dirac Equation. Pp. 388-92. 12. Dirac, P. A. M. Forms of Relativistic Dynamics. Pp. 392-00. 13. Newton, T. D. and E. P. Wigner. Localized States for Elementary Systems. Pp. 400-06. 14. Fokker, A. D. On the Space-Time Geometry of a Moving Rigid Body. Pp. 406-08. 15. Infeld, L. and A. Schild. On the Motion of Test Particles in General Relativity. Pp. 408-14. 16. Straus, E. G. Some Results in Einstein's Unified Field Theory. Pp. 414-21. 17. Schouten, J. A. On Meson Field and Conformal Transformations. Pp. 421-425. 18. Wheeler, J. A. and R. P. Feynman. Classical Electrodynamics in Terms of Direct Interparticle Action. Pp. 425-34. 19. Pauli, W. and F. Villars. On the Invariant Regularization in Relativistic Quantum Theory. Pp. 434-45. 20. Pais, A. and S. T. Epstein. Note on Relativistic Properties of Self-Energies. Pp. 445-47. 21. Gödel, Kurt. Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations of Gravitation. Pp. 447-51. 22. Bhabha, H. J. On the Postulation Basis of the Theory of Elementary Particles. Pp. 451-63 23. Born, Max. Reciprocity Theory of Elementary Particles. Pp. 463-74. 24. Yukawa, Hideki. Models and Methods in the Meson Theory. Pp. 474-80. 25. Bergmann, Peter and Johanna Brunings. Non-Linear Field Theories II. Canonical Equations and Quantization. Pp. 480-88. 26. Bargmann, V. On the Connection between Phase Shifts and Scattering Potential. Pp. 488-94. 27. Racah, Giulio. On the Decomposition of Tensors by Contraction. Pp. 494-97. 28. Lanczos, Cornelius. Lagrangian Multiplier and Riemannian Spaces. Pp. 497-503. 29. Rosen, Nathan. Particle at Rest in a Static Gravitational Field. Pp. 503-05. 30. Franck, James and Robert Livingston. Remarks on Intra- and Inter-Molecular Migration of Excitation Energy. Pp. 505-10. 31. Ladenburg, R. D. Bershader. On Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer in Supersonic Flow. Pp. 510-16. 32. Karman, von Theodore and C. C. Lin. On the Concept of Simi.

First edition. GÖDEL ON TIME TRAVEL. First edition, journal issue, in original printed wrappers, of Gödel's 'time-travel paper,' 'one of the most important [papers] on relativity since my own original paper appeared' (Einstein to Morgenstern, 1952). "In the 1920s and 1930s, the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological models had been introduced as the simplest solutions of the equations of Einstein's general theory of relativity that were consistent with the observed red-shift of distant galaxies. These models were spatially homogenous and isotropic, and were expanding but were non-rotating. Gödel was the first to consider models that were rotating. The possible rotation of the universe has a special significance in general relativity because one of the influences that led Einstein to the theory in 1915 was Mach's principle. The exact formulation of the principle is rather obscure, but it is generally interpreted as denying the existence of absolute space. In other words, matter has inertia only relative to other matter in the universe. The principle is generally taken to imply that the local inertial frame defined by gyroscopes should be non-rotating with respect to the frame defined by distant galaxies. Gödel showed that it was possible to have solutions of the Einstein field equations in which the galaxies were rotating with respect to the local inertial frame. He therefore demonstrated that general relativity does not incorporate Mach's principle In [the offered paper] Gödel presented a rotating solution that was not expanding but was the same at all points of space and time. This solution was the first to be discovered that had the curious property that in it it was possible to travel into the past. This leads to the paradoxes such as 'What happens if you go back and kill your father when he was a baby?' It is generally agreed that this cannot happen in a solution that represents our universe, but Gödel was the first to show that it was not forbidden by the Einstein equations. His solution generated a lot of discussion of the relation between general relativity and the concept of causality" (Stephen Hawking, p. 189 in Kurt Gödel: Collected Works: Volume II: Publications 1938-1974). "Gödel's brilliant burst into the world of physics in 1949 came as a surprise to those who knew him "only" as one of the greatest logicians of all time and thus as a very pure mathematician. However, to his colleagues at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, it was less surprising. At IAS, he had famously befriended Einstein, and much earlier, before switching over to mathematics, he had even entered the University of Vienna (in 1924) as a physics student and attended lectures by Hans Thirring, one of the earliest protagonists of Einstein's theories. Moreover, although this was not apparent from his published work, Gödel had maintained a lifelong interest in physics, attending the physics seminars at IAS and keeping abreast of ongoing developments. Then came the crucial trigger: the year 1949 brought Einstein's seventieth birthday, and Gödel was expected to contribute to the planned Festschrift for his friend. Not for the first time did pressure prove conducive to invention" (Rindler, p. 185). Gödel's Festschrift contribution, 'A Remark about the Relationship between Relativity Theory and Idealistic Philosophy' (pp. 557-562 in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, P.A. Schilpp (ed.), 1949), appeared almost simultaneously with the offered paper. It treated the philosophical implications of Gödel's model, while the offered work provides the technical derivation from the Einstein field equations. "Gödel stated that he was motivated to invent his model universe from sympathy for Kant's philosophy of time. It was to serve as the first counterexample on the cosmic scale to the objective view of time, which treats time as an infinity of layers "now" coming into existence successively. By 1905, Einstein had already shown this view to be problematic with his special theory of relativity. Indeed, one of the greatest shocks delivered by that theory was the discovery that simultaneity is relative The situation becomes even worse with the space-times of general relativity that correspond to real-life irregular matter distributions. Only in the idealized homogeneous-isotropic universes introduced by [Alexander] Friedman ['Über die Krümmung des Raumes' & 'Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes,' Zeitschrift für Physik, 1922 & 1924] of which the 1917 static Einstein universe was a special case ['Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie,' Sitzungsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften], do we find an absolutely (geometrically) determined worldwide time. These universes (except the Einstein universe) expand with a single expansion function, and their intrinsically determined time slices correspond to constant values of their steadily diminishing density. Thus the objective (or absolute) view of time got a reprieve from Friedmanian cosmology which Gödel dismissed as accidental. His purported aim was to show that in more general cosmologies, no such objective time need exist" (ibid., p. 188). The idea for the particular model Gödel constructed probably arose from his reading of a paper by George Gamow ('Rotating universe?', Nature vol. 158, 19 October 1946, p. 549) which suggested that the whole universe might be in a state of uniform rotation and that this rotation might explain the observed rotation of galactic systems: "One of the most mysterious results of the astronomical studies of the universe lies in the fact that all successive degrees of accumulation of matter, such as planets, stars and galaxies, are found in the state of more or less rapid axial rotation. In various cosmogonical theories the rotation of planets has been explained as resulting from the rotation of stars from which they were formed. The rotation of stars th.