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Paperback. Zustand: new. Paperback. THE PORTRAIT MADONNA.The first Madonna pictures known to us are of the portrait style, and are ofByzantine or Greek origin. They were brought to Rome and the west-ern empire from Constantinople (the ancient Byzantium), the capital of theeastern empire, where a new school of Christian art had developed out ofthat of ancient Greece. Justinian's conquest of Italy sowed the new art-seedin a fertile field, where it soon took root and multiplied rapidly. There was, however, little or no improvement in the type for a long period; it remainedpractically unchanged till the thirteenth century. Thus, while a ByzantineMadonna is to be found in nearly every old church in Italy, to see one is tosee all. They are half-length figures against a background of gold leaf, at firstlaid on solidly, or, at a somewhat later date, studded with cherubs. The Vir-gin has a meagre, ascetic countenance, large, ill-shaped eyes, and an almostpeevish expression; her head is draped in a heavy, dark blue veil, falling instiff folds.Unattractive as such pictures are to us from an artistic standpoint, they in-spire us with respect if not with reverence. Once objects of mingled devo-3 ESTELLE M. (ESTELLE MAY) HURLLtion and admiration, they are still regarded with awe by many who can nolonger admire. Their real origin being lost in obscurity, innumerable leg-ends have arisen, attributing them to miraculous agencies, and also endow-ing them with power to work miracles. There is an early and widespread tra-dition, imported with the Madonna from the East, which makes St. Lukea painter. It is said that he painted many portraits of the Virgin, and, natu-rally, all the churches possessing old Byzantine pictures claim that they aregenuine works from the hand of the evangelist. There is one in the Ara Coeliat Rome, and another in S. Maria in Cosmedino, of which marvellous talesare told, besides others of great sanctity in St. Mark's, Venice, and in Padua.It would not be interesting to dwell, in any detail, upon these curious oldpictures. We would do better to take our first example from the art which, though founded on Byzantine types, had begun to learn of nature. Sucha picture we find in the Venice Academy, by Jacopo Bellini, painted at thebeginning of the fifteenth century, somewhat later than any correspondingpicture could have been found elsewhere in Italy, as Venice was chronologi-cally behind the other art schools. The background is a glory of cherub headstouched with gold hatching. Both mother and child wear heavy nimbi, or-namented with gold. These points recall Byzantine work; but the gentlerface of the Virgin, and the graceful fall of her drapery, show that we are in adifferent world of art. The child is dressed in a little tunic, in the primitivemethod.With the dawn of the Italian Renaissance, the old style of portrait Madonnapassed out of vogue. More elaborate backgrounds were introduced from thegrowing resources of technique. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, pic-tures of the portrait style were comparatively rare. Raphael, however, wasnot above adopting this method, as every lover of the Granduca Madonnawill remember. His friend Bartolommeo also selected this style of composi- Trace the evolution of sacred imagery from austere, golden icons of antiquity to the graceful, lifelike masterpieces of the Renaissance. This study explores how divine portraiture transformed through the lens of changing artistic eras. Th Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.…

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Paperback. Zustand: new. Paperback. ood morrow, coz. Good morrow, sweet Hero."SHAKSPEARE.When Mr. Effingham determined to return home, he sent orders to hisagent to prepare his town-house in New-York for his reception, intendingto pass a month or two in it, then to repair to Washington for a few weeks, at the close of its season, and to visit his country residence when the springshould fairly open. Accordingly, Eve now found herself at the head of oneof the largest establishments, in the largest American town, within an hourafter she had landed from the ship. Fortunately for her, however, her fa-ther was too just to consider a wife, or a daughter, a mere upper servant, and he rightly judged that a liberal portion of his income should be assignedto the procuring of that higher quality of domestic service, which can alonerelieve the mistress of a household from a burthen so heavy to be borne. Un-like so many of those around him, who would spend on a single pretendingand comfortless entertainment, in which the ostentatious folly of one con-tended with the ostentatious folly of another a sum that, properly directed, would introduce order and system into a family for a twelvemonth, by com-manding the time and knowledge of those whose study they had been, and3 JAMES FENIMORE COOPERwho would be willing to devote themselves to such objects, and then permittheir wives and daughters to return to the drudgery to which the sex seemsdoomed in this country, he first bethought him of the wants of social lifebefore he aspired to its parade. A man of the world, Mr. Effingham pos-sessed the requisite knowledge, and a man of justice, the requisite fairness, to permit those who depended on him so much for their happiness, to shareequitably in the good things that Providence had so liberally bestowed onhimself. In other words, he made two people comfortable, by paying a gen-erous price for a housekeeper; his daughter, in the first place, by releasingher from cares that, necessarily, formed no more a part of her duties than itwould be a part of her duty to sweep the pavement before the door; and, inthe next place, a very respectable woman who was glad to obtain so good ahome on so easy terms. To this simple and just expedient, Eve was indebtedfor being at the head of one of the quietest, most truly elegant, and best, or-dered establishments in America, with no other demands on her time thanthat which was necessary to issue a few orders in the morning, and to exam-ine a few accounts once a week.One of the first and the most acceptable of the visits that Eve received, wasfrom her cousin, Grace Van Cortlandt, who was in the country at the mo-ment of her arrival, but who hurried back to town to meet her old school-fellow and kinswoman, the instant she heard of her having landed. Eve Eff-ingham and Grace Van Cortlandt were sisters' children, and had been bornwithin a month of each other. As the latter was without father or mother, most of their time had been passed together, until the former was takenabroad, when a separation unavoidably ensued. Mr. Effingham ardently de-sired, and had actually designed, to take his niece with him to Europe, buther paternal grandfather, who was still living, objected his years and affec-tion, and the scheme was reluctantly abandoned. This grandfather was nowdead, and Grace had been left with a very ample fortune, almost entirely themistress of her own movements.The moment of the meetin Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.…

Paperback. Zustand: new. Paperback. PREVIOUS EVENTS WHICH LED TO THE ASSAULT.There are few communities, however small, that have not been arousedand stirred into action, by some uncommon event, or where opposingparties have never rejoiced, and mourned over a triumph of one at the other'sexpense, and often have men andwomen, unappreciated by the many, bravelysuffered for their fidelity to a good and beloved cause. Thus the little Countyof Brome has been stirred to the depths of its soul by the actions of con-tending parties, and especially by a deliberate attempt to hinder the workand destroy the life of a law-abiding citizen. Mr. William W. Smith, thehero of this dark plot, was a native of the county which had always beenhis home, and had been during about fifteen years the Agent of the Cana-dian Pacific Railway Company at Sutton Junction. During those years, hehad been a man of the world, fond of pleasure, and not objecting to a socialglass, and it is not surprising that, amid all the temptations of railroad life, hehad already felt the awful power of an appetite for strong drink. But he wasled to see his danger and to flee from it, largely through the influence of hisbeloved companion, a faithful Christian, who rests from her labor, and herworks do follow her. Breaking his bonds by the power of God, he became3 A.L.O.C.not only a temperance man, but a Christian, and in his great joy and grati-tude for his own salvation was filled with a desire to warn and rescue others, whose feet were treading the same slippery paths. He then began holdingGospel Temperance Meetings, as he had opportunity in many places mostlywithin the County of Brome. This county has long held an honored posi-tion as being one of the leading temperance counties in the Dominion ofCanada, because during many years no license to sell intoxicating liquor as abeverage has been granted within its borders, and a temperance law knownas the Scott Act had been in force for eight years previous to 1893, when thesecond attempt was made by the liquor party to obtain its repeal. Like theserpent in the Garden of Eden, the liquor sellers of the present day are re-markable for their subtility, and many are the innocent victims entangled inthe meshes of the net woven by their deceptive tongues; therefore, it neednot seem strange that they should display great power and influence, even ina so-called temperance community. In the spring of 1893, the liquor partyin Brome, having decided that they had been troubled by an anti-license actquite long enough, sent out their agents to various parts of the county withinnocent looking papers to which they wished to obtain signatures. Theycalled upon all the known supporters of their party, and also upon thatdoubtful class of persons which sometimes proves to be among their besthelpers, although counted as temperance people. To this doubtful class theycarefully explained that the petition they bore did not ask for the repeal ofthe Scott Act, but only requested that an election be held for the purpose ofbringing the matter before the people, and determining their minds uponthe subject. Therefore, they were told the signing of this petition was in noway equivalent to voting against the Scott Act, nor would they be bound tovote against that Act if an election was brought about. Many names wereappended to the petition, the desired election took place, and very hard didthe liquor men work to obtain a result that should favor their When a reformed man t Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.…

Paperback. Zustand: new. Paperback. ON RAYS PROPAGATED IN STRAIGHT LINESAs happens in all the sciences in which Geometry is applied to matter, thedemonstrations concerning Optics are founded on truths drawn fromexperience. Such are that the rays of light are propagated in straight lines;that the angles of reflexion and of incidence are equal; and that in refractionthe ray is bent according to the law of sines, now so well known, and whichis no less certain than the preceding laws.The majority of those who have written touching the various parts of Opticshave contented themselves with presuming these truths. But some, moreinquiring, have desired to investigate the origin and the causes, consideringthese to be in themselves wonderful effects of Nature. In which they ad-vanced some ingenious things, but not however such that the most intelli-gent folk do not wish for better and more satisfactory explanations. Where-fore I here desire to propound what I have meditated on the subject, so asto contribute as much as I can to the explanation of this department of Nat-ural Science, which, not without reason, is reputed to be one of its mostdifficult parts. I recognize myself to be much indebted to those who were3 CHRISTIAAN HUYGENSthe first to begin to dissipate the strange obscurity in which these things wereenveloped, and to give us hope that they might be explained by intelligiblereasoning. But, on the other hand I am astonished also that even here thesehave often been willing to offer, as assured and demonstrative, reasoningswhich were far from conclusive. For I do not find that any one has yet givena probable explanation of the first and most notable phenomena of light, namely why it is not propagated except in straight lines, and how visiblerays, coming from an infinitude of diverse places, cross one another withouthindering one another in any way.I shall therefore essay in this book, to give, in accordance with the princi-ples accepted in the Philosophy of the present day, some clearer and moreprobable reasons, firstly of these properties of light propagated rectilinearly;secondly of light which is reflected on meeting other bodies. Then I shallexplain the phenomena of those rays which are said to suffer refraction onpassing through transparent bodies of different sorts; and in this part I shallalso explain the effects of the refraction of the air by the different densitiesof the Atmosphere.Thereafter I shall examine the causes of the strange refraction of a certainkind of Crystal which is brought from Iceland. And finally I shall treat ofthe various shapes of transparent and reflecting bodies by which rays are col-lected at a point or are turned aside in various ways. From this it will beseen with what facility, following our new Theory, we find not only the El-lipses, Hyperbolas, and other curves which Mr. Des Cartes has ingeniouslyinvented for this purpose; but also those which the surface of a glass lensought to possess when its other surface is given as spherical or plane, or ofany other figure that may be.It is inconceivable to doubt that light consists in the motion of some sort ofmatter. For whether one considers its production, one sees that here uponthe Earth it is chiefly engendered by fire and flame which contain withoutdoubt bodies that are in rapid motion, since they dissolve and melt many Seeking to pierce the veil of optical mystery, this profound inquiry explores why light travels in straight paths and how it bends through various medi Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.…

Paperback. Zustand: new. Paperback. AIL to the Pacific with some AncientMariner, and traverse day by day thatsilent sea until you reach a region never before furrowed by keel where atiny island, a mere speck on the vast ocean, has just risen from the depths, alittle coral reef capped with green, an atoll, a mimic earth, fringed with life, built up through countless ages by life on the remains of life that has passedaway. And now, with wings of fancy, join Ianthe in the magic car of Shelley, pass the eternal gates of the flaming ramparts of the world and see his vision: Below lay stretched the boundless Universe! There, far as the remotest lineThat limits swift imagination's flight, Unending orbs mingled in mazy mo-tion, Immutably fulfilling Eternal Nature's law. Above, below, around, Thecircling systems formed A wilderness of harmony. (Daemon of the World, Pt. I.)And somewhere, "as fast and far the chariot flew," amid the mighty globes3 SIR WILLIAM OSLERwould be seen a tiny speck, "earth's distant orb," one of "the smallest lightsthat twinkle in the heavens." Alighting, Ianthe would find something shehad probably not seen elsewhere in her magic flight-life, everywhere encir-cling the sphere. And as the little coral reef out of a vast depth had been builtup by generations of polyzoa, so she would see that on the earth, throughillimitable ages, successive generations of animals and plants had left in stonetheir imperishable records: and at the top of the series she would meet thethinking, breathing creature known as man. Infinitely little as is the archi-tect of the atoll in proportion to the earth on which it rests, the polyzoon, Idoubt not, is much larger relatively than is man in proportion to the vast sys-tems of the Universe, in which he represents an ultra-microscopic atom lessten thousand times than the tiniest of the "gay motes that people the sun-beams." Yet, with colossal audacity, this thinking atom regards himself asthe anthropocentric pivot around which revolve the eternal purposes of theUniverse. Knowing not whence he came, why he is here, or whither he is go-ing, man feels himself of supreme importance, and certainly is of interest-tohimself. Let us hope that he has indeed a potency and importance out of allproportion to his somatic insignificance. We know of toxins of such strengththat an amount too infinitesimal to be gauged may kill; and we know that"the unit adopted in certain scientific work is the amount of emanation Civ-ilization is but a filmy fringe on the history of man. Go back as far as hisrecords carry us and the story written on stone is of yesterday in comparisonwith the vast epochs of time which modern studies demand for his life onthe earth. For two millions (some hold even three millions) of years manlived and moved and had his being in a world very different from that uponwhich we look out. There appear, indeed, to have been various types ofman, some as different from us as we are from the anthropoid apes. Whatupstarts of yesterday are the Pharaohs in comparison with the men who sur-vived the tragedy of the glacial period! The ancient history of man-onlynow beginning to be studied-dates from the Pliocene or Miocene period;the modern history, as we know it, embraces that brief space of time thathas elapsed since the earliest Egyptian and Babylonian records Tracing the vast lineage of life from ancient geological epochs to the dawn of civilization, this profound exploration examines the tiny yet audacious e Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.…

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Paperback. Zustand: new. Paperback. THE MIND, OR CONSCIOUSNESSWe are to study the mind and its education; but how? It is easy to under-stand how we may investigate the great world of material things aboutus; for we can see it, touch it, weigh it, or measure it. But how are we todiscover the nature of the mind, or come to know the processes by whichconsciousness works? For mind is intangible; we cannot see it, feel it, tasteit, or handle it. Mind belongs not to the realm of matter which is known tothe senses, but to the realm of spirit, which the senses can never grasp. Andyet the mind can be known and studied as truly and as scientifically as canthe world of matter. Let us first of all see how this can be done.1. HOW MIND IS TO BE KNOWNTHE PERSONAL CHARACTER OF CONSCIOUSNESS.-Mind can beobserved and known. But each one can know directly only his own mind, and not another's. You and I may look into each other's face and there guessthe meaning that lies back of the smile or frown or flash of the eye, and soread something of the mind's activity. But neither directly meets the other'smind. I may learn to recognize your features, know your voice, respond to3 GEORGE HERBERT BETTSthe clasp of your hand; but the mind, the consciousness, which does yourthinking and feels your joys and sorrows, I can never know completely. In-deed I can never know your mind at all except through your bodily acts andexpressions. Nor is there any way in which you can reveal your mind, yourspiritual self, to me except through these means.It follows therefore that only you can ever know you and only I can everknow I in any first-hand and immediate way. Between your consciousnessand mine there exists a wide gap that cannot be bridged. Each of us livesapart. We are like ships that pass and hail each other in passing but do nottouch. We may work together, live together, come to love or hate each other, and yet our inmost selves forever stand alone. They must live their own lives, think their own thoughts, and arrive at their own destiny.INTROSPECTIONTHE ONLYMEANS OF DISCOVERING NATUREOF CONSCIOUSNESS.-What, then, is mind? What is the thing that wecall consciousness? No mere definition can ever make it clearer than it is atthis moment to each of us. The only way to know what mind is, is to look inupon our own consciousness and observe what is transpiring there. In thelanguage of the psychologist, we must introspect. For one can never cometo understand the nature of mind and its laws of working by listening tolectures or reading text books alone. There is no psychology in the text, butonly in your living, flowing stream of thought and mine. True, the lectureand the book may tell us what to look for when we introspect, and how tounderstand what we find. But the statements and descriptions about ourminds must be verified by our own observation and experience before theybecome vital truth to us.HOW WE INTROSPECT.-Introspection is something of an art; it has tobe learned. Some master it easily, some with more difficulty, and some, itis to be feared, never become skilled in its use. In order to introspect onemust catch himself unawares, so to speak, in the very act of thinking, re-membering, deciding, loving, hating, and all the rest. These fleeting phasesof consciousness are ever on the wing; they never pause in their restless flight4 GEORGE HERBERT BETTS While the physical world yields to our senses, the elusive realm of the spirit remains hidden. To truly grasp the mechanics of th Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.…

Paperback. Zustand: new. Paperback. CHAMPLAIN'S FIRST VOYAGE TO AMERICASamuel Champlain, the issue of the marriage of Antoine Champlain andMarguerite Le Roy, was born at Brouage, now Hiers Brouage, a smallvillage in the province of Saintonge, France, in the year 1570, or according tothe Biographie Saintongeoise in 1567. His parents belonged to the Catholicreligion, as their first names would seem to indicate.When quite young Samuel Champlainwas entrusted to the care of the parishpriest, who imparted to him the elements of education and instilled his mindwith religious principles. His youth appears to have glided quietly away, spent for the most part with his family, and in assisting his father, who wasa mariner, in his wanderings upon the sea. The knowledge thus obtainedwas of great service to him, for after a while he became not only conver-sant with the life of a mariner, but also with the science of geography andof astronomy. When Samuel Champlain was about twenty years of age, hetendered his services to Marshal d'Aumont, one of the chief commanders ofthe Catholic army in its expedition against the Huguenots.3 N.-E. (NARCISSE-EUTROPE) DIONNEWhen the League had done its work and the army was disbanded in 1598, Champlain returned to Brouage, and sought a favourable opportunity toadvance his fortune in a manner more agreeable, if possible, to his tastes, and more compatible with his abilities. In the meantime Champlain did notremain idle, for he resolved to find the means of making a voyage to Spainin order "to acquire and cultivate acquaintance, and make a true report toHis Majesty (Henry IV) of the particularities which could not be knownto any Frenchmen, for the reason that they have not free access there." Heleft Blavet at the beginning of the month of August, and ten days after hearrived near Cape Finisterre. Having remained for six days at the Isle of Bay-ona, in Galicia, he proceeded towards San Lucar de Barameda, which is atthe mouth of the river Seville, where he remained for three months. Duringthis time he went to Seville and made surveys of the place. While Champlainwas at Seville, a patache, or advice boat, arrived from Porto Rico bearing acommunication addressed to the king of Spain, informing him that a por-tion of the English army had put out to sea with the intention of attackingPorto Rico.The king fitted out twenty ships to oppose the English, one of which, theSaint Julien, was commanded by Provencal, Champlain's uncle. Champlainproposed to join the expedition under his uncle, but Provencal was orderedelsewhere, and General Soubriago offered the command of the Saint Juliento Champlain, which he gladly accepted.The armada set sail in the beginning of January, 1599, and within six days, favoured by a fresh breeze, the vessels sighted the Canary Islands. Two monthsand six days later the armada drew near to the island called La Desirade, which is the first island approached in this passage to the Indies. The shipsanchored for the first time at Nacou, which is one of the finest ports of theGuadeloupe. After having passed Marguerite Island and the Virgins, Cham-plain proceeded to San Juan de Porto Rico, [1] where he found that both thetown and the castle or fortress had been abandoned, and that the merchantshad either made their escape or had been taken prisoners. The English A young mariner with a passion for geography sets sail on a perilous mission to navigate uncharted waters and defend distant shores from invading forces. This item i Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.…

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Paperback. Zustand: new. Paperback. THE PORTRAIT MADONNA.The first Madonna pictures known to us are of the portrait style, and are ofByzantine or Greek origin. They were brought to Rome and the west-ern empire from Constantinople (the ancient Byzantium), the capital of theeastern empire, where a new school of Christian art had developed out ofthat of ancient Greece. Justinian's conquest of Italy sowed the new art-seedin a fertile field, where it soon took root and multiplied rapidly. There was, however, little or no improvement in the type for a long period; it remainedpractically unchanged till the thirteenth century. Thus, while a ByzantineMadonna is to be found in nearly every old church in Italy, to see one is tosee all. They are half-length figures against a background of gold leaf, at firstlaid on solidly, or, at a somewhat later date, studded with cherubs. The Vir-gin has a meagre, ascetic countenance, large, ill-shaped eyes, and an almostpeevish expression; her head is draped in a heavy, dark blue veil, falling instiff folds.Unattractive as such pictures are to us from an artistic standpoint, they in-spire us with respect if not with reverence. Once objects of mingled devo-3 ESTELLE M. (ESTELLE MAY) HURLLtion and admiration, they are still regarded with awe by many who can nolonger admire. Their real origin being lost in obscurity, innumerable leg-ends have arisen, attributing them to miraculous agencies, and also endow-ing them with power to work miracles. There is an early and widespread tra-dition, imported with the Madonna from the East, which makes St. Lukea painter. It is said that he painted many portraits of the Virgin, and, natu-rally, all the churches possessing old Byzantine pictures claim that they aregenuine works from the hand of the evangelist. There is one in the Ara Coeliat Rome, and another in S. Maria in Cosmedino, of which marvellous talesare told, besides others of great sanctity in St. Mark's, Venice, and in Padua.It would not be interesting to dwell, in any detail, upon these curious oldpictures. We would do better to take our first example from the art which, though founded on Byzantine types, had begun to learn of nature. Sucha picture we find in the Venice Academy, by Jacopo Bellini, painted at thebeginning of the fifteenth century, somewhat later than any correspondingpicture could have been found elsewhere in Italy, as Venice was chronologi-cally behind the other art schools. The background is a glory of cherub headstouched with gold hatching. Both mother and child wear heavy nimbi, or-namented with gold. These points recall Byzantine work; but the gentlerface of the Virgin, and the graceful fall of her drapery, show that we are in adifferent world of art. The child is dressed in a little tunic, in the primitivemethod.With the dawn of the Italian Renaissance, the old style of portrait Madonnapassed out of vogue. More elaborate backgrounds were introduced from thegrowing resources of technique. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, pic-tures of the portrait style were comparatively rare. Raphael, however, wasnot above adopting this method, as every lover of the Granduca Madonnawill remember. His friend Bartolommeo also selected this style of composi- Trace the evolution of sacred imagery from austere, golden icons of antiquity to the graceful, lifelike masterpieces of the Renaissance. This study explores how divine portraiture transformed through the lens of changing arti Shipping may be from our Sydney, NSW warehouse or from our UK or US warehouse, depending on stock availability.…

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Paperback. Zustand: new. Paperback. THE PORTRAIT MADONNA.The first Madonna pictures known to us are of the portrait style, and are ofByzantine or Greek origin. They were brought to Rome and the west-ern empire from Constantinople (the ancient Byzantium), the capital of theeastern empire, where a new school of Christian art had developed out ofthat of ancient Greece. Justinian's conquest of Italy sowed the new art-seedin a fertile field, where it soon took root and multiplied rapidly. There was, however, little or no improvement in the type for a long period; it remainedpractically unchanged till the thirteenth century. Thus, while a ByzantineMadonna is to be found in nearly every old church in Italy, to see one is tosee all. They are half-length figures against a background of gold leaf, at firstlaid on solidly, or, at a somewhat later date, studded with cherubs. The Vir-gin has a meagre, ascetic countenance, large, ill-shaped eyes, and an almostpeevish expression; her head is draped in a heavy, dark blue veil, falling instiff folds.Unattractive as such pictures are to us from an artistic standpoint, they in-spire us with respect if not with reverence. Once objects of mingled devo-3 ESTELLE M. (ESTELLE MAY) HURLLtion and admiration, they are still regarded with awe by many who can nolonger admire. Their real origin being lost in obscurity, innumerable leg-ends have arisen, attributing them to miraculous agencies, and also endow-ing them with power to work miracles. There is an early and widespread tra-dition, imported with the Madonna from the East, which makes St. Lukea painter. It is said that he painted many portraits of the Virgin, and, natu-rally, all the churches possessing old Byzantine pictures claim that they aregenuine works from the hand of the evangelist. There is one in the Ara Coeliat Rome, and another in S. Maria in Cosmedino, of which marvellous talesare told, besides others of great sanctity in St. Mark's, Venice, and in Padua.It would not be interesting to dwell, in any detail, upon these curious oldpictures. We would do better to take our first example from the art which, though founded on Byzantine types, had begun to learn of nature. Sucha picture we find in the Venice Academy, by Jacopo Bellini, painted at thebeginning of the fifteenth century, somewhat later than any correspondingpicture could have been found elsewhere in Italy, as Venice was chronologi-cally behind the other art schools. The background is a glory of cherub headstouched with gold hatching. Both mother and child wear heavy nimbi, or-namented with gold. These points recall Byzantine work; but the gentlerface of the Virgin, and the graceful fall of her drapery, show that we are in adifferent world of art. The child is dressed in a little tunic, in the primitivemethod.With the dawn of the Italian Renaissance, the old style of portrait Madonnapassed out of vogue. More elaborate backgrounds were introduced from thegrowing resources of technique. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, pic-tures of the portrait style were comparatively rare. Raphael, however, wasnot above adopting this method, as every lover of the Granduca Madonnawill remember. His friend Bartolommeo also selected this style of composi- Trace the evolution of sacred imagery from austere, golden icons of antiquity to the graceful, lifelike masterpieces of the Renaissance. This study explores how divine portraiture transformed through the lens of changing arti Shipping may be from our UK warehouse or from our Australian or US warehouses, depending on stock availability.…

Paperback. Zustand: new. Paperback. t used to be the fashion of historians, looking superficially at the facts pre-sented in chronicles and tables of dates, without analyzing and compar-ing vast groups of facts distributed through centuries, or even suspectingthe need for such analysis and comparison, to assign the date 476 A.D. as themoment at which the Roman Empire came to an end. It was in that year thatthe soldier of fortune, Odovakar, commander of the Herulian mercenariesin Italy, sent the handsome boy Romulus, son of Orestes, better known as"little Augustus," from his imperial throne to the splendid villa of Lucullusnear Naples, and gave him a yearly pension of $35,000 [6,000 solidi] to con-sole him for the loss of a world. As 324 years elapsed before another emperorwas crowned at Rome, and as the political headship of Europe after thathappy restoration remained upon the German soil to which the events ofthe eighth century had shifted it, nothing could seem more natural than thehabit which historians once had, of saying that the mighty career of Romehad ended, as it had begun, with a Romulus. Sometimes the date 476 waseven set up as a great landmark dividing modern from ancient history. Forthose, however, who took such a view, it was impossible to see the events ofthe Middle Ages in their true relations to what went before and what cameafter. It was impossible to understand what went on in Italy in the sixthcentury, or to explain the position of that great Roman power which had itscentre on the Bosphorus, which in the code of Justinian left us our grandestmonument of Roman law, and which for a thousand years was the staunchbulwark of Europe against the successive aggressions of Persian, Saracen, andTurk. It was equally impossible to understand the rise of the Papal power, the all-important politics of the great Saxon and Swabian emperors, the rela-tions of mediaeval England to the Continental powers, or the marvellouslyinteresting growth of the modern European system of nationalities. [Side-note: When did the Roman Empire come to an end?]Since the middle of the nineteenth century the study of history has under-gone changes no less sweeping than those which have in the same time af-fected the study of the physical sciences. Vast groups of facts distributedthrough various ages and countries have been subjected to comparison andanalysis, with the result that they have not only thrown fresh light upon oneanother, but have in many cases enabled us to recover historic points of viewthat had long been buried in oblivion. Such an instance was furnished abouttwenty-five years ago by Dr. Bryce's epoch-making work on the Holy Ro-man Empire. Since then historians still recognize the importance of the date476 as that which left the Bishop of Rome the dominant personage in Italy, and marked the shifting of the political centre of gravity from the Palatine tothe Lateran. This was one of those subtle changes which escape notice untilafter some of their effects have attracted attention. The most important ef-fect, in this instance, realized after three centuries, was not the overthrow ofRoman power in the West, but its indefinite extension and expansion. Themen of 476 not only had no idea that they were entering upon a new era, but least of all did they dream that the Roman Empire had come to an end, or was ever likely to. Its cities might be pillaged, its provinces overrun, butthe supreme imperial power itself was something without which the men of This scholar Shipping may be from our Sydney, NSW warehouse or from our UK or US warehouse, depending on stock availability.…