Springer us sep 2003 (63 Ergebnisse)
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book is an account of crystal symmetry and optical and e-ray diffraction techniques for examining single crystals. It includes the solution of crystal structures by the current methods, worked examples of crystal structure determination, problems and solutions for each chapter.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - This book presents the perspective of the SYDIC-Telecom project on system design and reuse as perceived in the course of the research during 1999 - 2003. The initial problem statement of the research was formulated as follows: 'The current situation regarding system design in general is, that the me…thods are insufficient, informally practiced, and weakly supported by formal techniques and tools. Regarding system reuse the methods and tools for exchanging system design data and know-how within companies are ad hoc and insufficient. The means available inside companies being already insufficient, there are actually no ways of exchanging between companies. Therefore, there hardly exists any system IP (Intellectual Property) industry. Although system design know-how is one of companies' main assets, it cannot be reused and capitalised effectively enough today. There is a lack of rational design flows supporting a design methodology based on reuse of IP, and few design tools to support it. Even guidelines on how to use existing tools in the design flow for this purpose often do not exist.' The problem was known to be hard and the scope broad. The plan of attack was first to analyse the state-of-the-art and the state-of-the-practice, then to identify potential improvements, and finally to synthesise a formalised proposal for implementation. The approach was applied to different system-level issues, e.g. design flows, terminology, languages, reuse, design process and object of design.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - The Frontiers in Cardiovascular Health varies between and within nations, depend ing upon the level at which the battle is fought for better cardiovascular health. According to the 1997 World Health Report, 15 million deaths (i. e. 30% of the total number of deaths) were attributable to cardiovascul…ar diseases and this number is on the rise. The projection for the year 2020 is quite alarming with an expected cardiovascular mortality reaching 50 million. Much of this burden is projected to occur in developing countries, more specifically in the most populous countries of the world, namely China and India. These countries are already burdened with infectious and parasitic diseases and are trying to eradicate such diseases. With increasing life expectancies people all over the world, especially in developing coun tries, are exposed to degenerative atherosclerosis resulting in increased cardiovascu lar mortality and morbidity. In developing countries, resources available for health care are very limited. For example many of the African countries spend less than $10 per person per year on his/her entire health care let alone cardiovascular health. The average health care budget for nearly two thirds of the global population is well below $100 per year, on a per capita basis. Therefore, in developing countries health promotion and primary prevention are the frontiers by necessity. Improving awareness and health education is not only a matter of choice but is an absolute necessity.
Sprache: Englisch
Verlag: Springer Us Sep 2003, 2003
Serie: The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, Buch 235 von 260. Buch 235 von 260 - The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Knowledge-Based Information Retrieval and Filtering from the Web contains fifteen chapters, contributed by leading international researchers, addressing the matter of information retrieval, filtering and management of the information on the Internet. The research presented deals with the need to fin…d proper solutions for the description of the information found on the Internet, the description of the information consumers need, the algorithms for retrieving documents (and indirectly, the information embedded in them), and the presentation of the information found. The chapters include: -Ontological representation of knowledge on the WWW; -Information extraction; -Information retrieval and administration of distributed documents; -Hard and soft modeling based knowledge capture; -Summarization of texts found on the WWW; -User profiles and personalization for web-based information retrieval system; -Information retrieval under constricted bandwidth; -Multilingual WWW; -Generic hierarchical classification using the single-link clustering; -Clustering of documents on the basis of text fuzzy similarity; -Intelligent agents for document categorization and adaptive filtering; -Multimedia retrieval and data mining for E-commerce and E-business; -A Web-based approach to competitive intelligence; -Learning ontologies for domain-specific information retrieval; -An open, decentralized architecture for searching for, and publishing information in distributed systems.
Sprache: Englisch
Verlag: Springer Us Sep 2003, 2003
Serie: The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, Buch 5 von 260. Buch 5 von 260 - The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - High-Frequency Oscillator Design for Integrated Transceivers covers the analysis and design of all high-frequency oscillators required to realize integrated transceivers for wireless and wired applications. This includes the design of oscillator types as single-phase LC oscillators, I/Q LC oscillato…rs, multi-phase LC oscillators, and ring oscillators in various IC technologies such as bipolar, BiCMOS, CMOS, and SOI (silicon on insulator). Starting from an in depth review of basic oscillator theory, the authors discuss key oscillator specifications, numerous oscillator circuit topologies, and introduce the concepts of design figures of merit (FOMs) and benchmark FOMs, which assist the oscillator designer during the overall design cycle. Taking advantage of behavioral modeling, the elementary properties of LC oscillators and ring oscillators are analyzed first. A detailed analysis of oscillator properties at circuit level follows taking parasitic elements and other practical aspects of integrated oscillator design into account. Special attention is given to advantages and limitations of linear time invariant (LTI) phase noise modeling, leading to the concept of optimum coupling in I/Q LC oscillators and a simulation method for fast and efficient phase noise optimization in oscillators. In addition, all modern linear time variant (LTV) phase noise theories are covered. As not only phase noise is of high importance to the designer, but optimization of other oscillator properties as well, additional subjects such as various tuning methods of LC oscillators are analyzed, too. Design examples of integrated LC and ring oscillators in the frequency range of 100 MHz up to 11 GHz are thoroughly discussed throughout the book.The clear and structured discussion of basic oscillator properties make High-Frequency Oscillator Design for Integrated Transceivers an excellent starting point for the inexperienced oscillator designer. The detailed analysis of many oscillator types and circuit topologies, the discussion of numerous practical design issues together with fast optimization methods, and more than 200 carefully selected literature references on oscillator literature, LC oscillator and ring oscillator designs make this book a very valuable resource for the experienced IC designer as well.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. Neuware - Metropolitan Area WDM Networks: An AWG Based Approach provides a comprehensive and technically detailed overview of the latest metropolitan area WDM network experimental systems, architectures, and access protocols. Its main focus is on the novel star WDM networks based on a wavelength-selective Arr…ayed-Waveguide Grating (AWG). Network researchers, engineers, professionals, and graduate students will benefit from the thorough overview and gain an in-depth understanding of current and next-generation metro WDM networks.The AWG based metro star WDM network is discussed at length and extensively investigated by means of stochastic analyses and simulations. The book provides: \*an up-to-date overview of ring and star metro WDM networks and access protocols, \*in-depth performance comparison studies of AWG based multihop vs. single-hop WDM networks and AWG vs. Passive Star Coupler based single-hop WDM networks, \*a thorough description of the AWG based network and node architectures and access protocols, \*a novel highly-efficient approach to provide survivability for star WDM networks, \*extensive analytical results for both unicast and multicast variable-size packet traffic and bandwidth on demand, \*supplementary simulation results, including packet header trace files.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This volume is a sequel to our 1996 compilation, Computational and Constructive Design Theory. Again we concentrate on two closely re lated aspects of the study of combinatorial designs: design construction and computer-aided study of design…s. There are at least three classes of constructive problems in design theory. The first type of problem is the construction of a specific design. This might arise because that one particular case is an exception to a general rule, the last remaining case of a problem, or the smallest unknown case. A good example is the proof that there is no projective plane of parameter 10. In that case the computations involved were not different in kind from those which have been done by human brains without electronic assistance; they were merely longer. Computers have also been useful in the study of combinatorial spec trum problems: if a class of design has certain parameters, what is the set of values that the parameters can realize In many cases, there is a recursive construction, so that the existence of a small number of 'starter' designs leads to the construction of infinite classes of designs, and computers have proven very useful in finding 'starter' designs. 388 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This is the first book about the discrete ordered median problem (DOMP), which unifies many classical and new facility location problems. Several exact and heuristic approaches are developed in this book in order to solve the DOMP.Audience:…The book is suitable for researchers in location theory, and graduate students in combinatorial optimization. 240 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -As microarray technology has matured, data analysis methods have advanced as well. Methods Of Microarray Data Analysis III is the third book in this pioneering series dedicated to the existing new field of microarrays. While initial techniqu…es focused on classification exercises (volume I of this series), and later on pattern extraction (volume II of this series), this volume focuses on data quality issues. Problems such as background noise determination, analysis of variance, and errors in data handling are highlighted. Three tutorial papers are presented to assist with a basic understanding of underlying principles in microarray data analysis, and twelve new papers are highlighted analyzing the same CAMDA'02 datasets: the Project Normal data set or the Affymetrix Latin Square data set. A comparative study of these analytical methodologies brings to light problems, solutions and new ideas. This book is an excellent reference for academic and industrial researchers who want to keep abreast of the state of art of microarray data analysis. 268 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Modeling of Induction Motors with One and Two Degrees of Mechanical Freedom presents the mathematical model of induction motors with two degrees of mechanical freedom (IM-2DMF), formed in the electromagnetic field as well as in circuit theor…y, which allows analyzing the performance of these three groups of motors taking into account edge effects, winding and current asymmetry. The model derived is based on the concept of magnetic field wave moving in the air-gap with a helical motion. In general, the rotor moves helically too with the rotary-linear slip. The electromagnetic field as well as motor performance of the particular motors is analyzed.The mathematical model of IM-2DMF is more general to the model of induction motors with one degree of mechanical freedom, i.e. rotary and linear motors. Examples of modeling two types of rotary disc motors and flat linear motor with twisted primary part are presented with inclusion of finite stator and rotor length and width effects. The simulation results are backed by the measurements carried out on the laboratory models, which were tested on the unique measurement stand. 124 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The field of global optimization has been developing at a rapid pace. There is a journal devoted to the topic, as well as many publications and notable books discussing various aspects of global optimization. This book is intended to complem…ent these other publications with a focus on stochastic methods for global optimization. Stochastic methods, such as simulated annealing and genetic algo rithms, are gaining in popularity among practitioners and engineers be they are relatively easy to program on a computer and may be cause applied to a broad class of global optimization problems. However, the theoretical performance of these stochastic methods is not well under stood. In this book, an attempt is made to describe the theoretical prop erties of several stochastic adaptive search methods. Such a theoretical understanding may allow us to better predict algorithm performance and ultimately design new and improved algorithms. This book consolidates a collection of papers on the analysis and de velopment of stochastic adaptive search. The first chapter introduces random search algorithms. Chapters 2-5 describe the theoretical anal ysis of a progression of algorithms. A main result is that the expected number of iterations for pure adaptive search is linear in dimension for a class of Lipschitz global optimization problems. Chapter 6 discusses algorithms, based on the Hit-and-Run sampling method, that have been developed to approximate the ideal performance of pure random search. The final chapter discusses several applications in engineering that use stochastic adaptive search methods. 246 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Diffusion Barrier Stack - 5 nm -3 nm -2 nm . . . -. . . . : . . O. 21-lm Figure 2: Schematic representing a cross-sectional view of the topography that is encountered in the processing of integrated circuits. (Not to scale) these sub-micron…sized features is depicted in Fig. 2. The role of the diffusion barrier is to prevent the diffusion of metallic ions into the interlayer dielectric (lLD). Depending on the technology, in particular the choice of the ILD and the metal interconnect, the diffusion barrier may be Ti, Ta, TiN, TaN, or a multi-layered structure of these materials. The adhesion of the barrier to the dielectric, the conformality of the barrier to the feature, the physical structure of the film, and the chemical composition of the film are key issues that are determined in part by the nature of the deposition process. Likewise, after the growth of the barrier, a conducting layer (the seed layer) is needed for subsequent filling of the trench by electrochemical deposition. Again, the growth process must be able to deposit a film that is continuous along the topography of the sub-micron sized features. Other factors of concern are the purity and the texture of the seed layer, as both of these factors influence the final resistivity of the metallic interconnect. Sputter-deposited coatings are also commonly employed for their electro-optical properties. For example, an electrochromic glazing is used to control the flux of light that is transmitted through a glazed material. 180 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Compilers and Operating Systems for Low Power focuses on both application-level compiler directed energy optimization and low-power operating systems. Chapters have been written exclusively for this volume by several of the leading researche…rs and application developers active in the field. The first six chapters focus on low energy operating systems, or more in general, energy-aware middleware services. The next five chapters are centered on compilation and code optimization. Finally, the last chapter takes a more general viewpoint on mobile computing. The material demonstrates the state-of-the-art work and proves that to obtain the best energy/performance characteristics, compilers, system software, and architecture must work together. The relationship between energy-aware middleware and wireless microsensors, mobile computing and other wireless applications are covered.This work will be of interest to researchers in the areas of low-power computing, embedded systems, compiler optimizations, and operating systems. 254 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Service and network providers must be able to satisfy the demands for new services, improve the quality of service, reduce the cost of network service operations and maintenance, control performance and adapt to user demands. These challenge…s are so important for the future of our communication environment that it is essential to investigate different approaches for controlling and optimizing network resources.Network Control and Engineering for QoS, Security and Mobility II addresses the problem of network control and engineering with a focus on control of quality of service, management of security, and supervision of mobility. New trends in these different fields are also investigated.This volume contains the proceedings of the Second International Conference on NETwork CONtrol and Engineering (NETCON) for Quality of Service, Security and Mobility, which convened in Oman in October 2003. The conference was sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) and organized by IFIP's Working Groups 6.2 on Network and Internetwork Architecture, 6.6 on Network Management, and 6.7 on Smart Networks. 284 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book answers a question which came about while the author was work ing on his diploma thesis [1]: would it be better to ask for the available band width instead of probing the network (like TCP does) The diploma thesis was concerned wit…h long-distance musical interaction ('NetMusic'). This is a very peculiar application: only a small amount of bandwidth may be necessary, but timely delivery and reduced loss are very important. Back then, these require ments led to a thorough investigation of existing telecommunication network mechanisms, but a satisfactory answer to the question could not be found. Simply put, the answer is 'yes' - this work describes a mechanism which indeed enables an application to 'ask for the available bandwidth'. This obvi ously does not only concern online musical collaboration any longer. Among others, the mechanism yields the following advantages over existing alterna tives: - good throughput while maintaining close to zero loss and a small bottleneck queue length - usefulness for streaming media applications due to a very smooth rate - feasibility for satellite and wireless links - high scalability Additionally, a reusable framework for future applications that need to 'ask the network' for certain performance data was developed. 188 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Exploration of Visual Data presents latest research efforts in the area of content-based exploration of image and video data. The main objective is to bridge the semantic gap between high-level concepts in the human mind and low-level featur…es extractable by the machines.The two key issues emphasized are 'content-awareness' and 'user-in-the-loop'. The authors provide a comprehensive review on algorithms for visual feature extraction based on color, texture, shape, and structure, and techniques for incorporating such information to aid browsing, exploration, search, and streaming of image and video data. They also discuss issues related to the mixed use of textual and low-level visual features to facilitate more effective access of multimedia data.Exploration of Visual Data provides state-of-the-art materials on the topics of content-based description of visual data, content-based low-bitrate video streaming, and latest asymmetric and nonlinear relevance feedback algorithms, which to date are unpublished. 212 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -PAS proteins control numerous physiological and developmental events, and span phylogeny from bacteria to man. Bacterial and plant PAS proteins act as sensors of environmental stimuli, including light, oxygen, and energy status. Not surprisi…ng, given these roles, there is intense investigation of the roles of bHLH-PAS proteins in issues of human health including: (1) cancer induction, (2) cancer growth and vascularity, (3) birth defects, including Down syndrome, (4) appetite control and obesity, (5) sleep rhythm disorders, and (6) mental health disorders such as social interactions and learning. PAS proteins encompass many fields of biology, and scientists who work in these fields (circadian rhythms, oxygen regulation, toxin metabolism, bacterial sensors, and development) are an audience, particularly those who actively work on PAS proteins and researchers interested in transcriptional control, signal transduction, and evolution. 288 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -An Empirical Investigation of Stock Markets: The CCF Approach attempts to make an empirical contribution to the literature on the movements of stock prices in major economies, i.e. Germany, Japan, the UK and the USA. Specifically, the cross-corr…elation function (CCF) approach is used to analyze the stock market. This volume provides some empirical evidence regarding the economic linkages among a group of different countries.Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 analyze the international linkage of stock prices among Germany, Japan, the UK and the USA. Chapter 2 applies the standard approach, whereas Chapter 3 uses the CCF approach. Chapter 4 analyzes the relationship between stock prices and exchange rates. Chapter 5 analyzes the relationship among stock prices, exchange rates, and real economic activities. Chapter 6 summarizes the main results obtained in each chapter and comments on the possible directions of future research.Springer Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 156 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -The motive force of human activity that propels the stream of progress is here caught at its source, in its most modest, material expressions. The mechanism of the passions acting as determinant in these low spheres is less complex and can there…fore be observed with greater precision. All one need do is leave the picture its clear, calm colors and its simple design. Gradually, as that search for material well-being by which man is tormented grows and expand, it also tends to rise and pursue an ascendant course thorough the social classes. In 'I Malavoglia' it is still only the struggle for material needs. Once these needs are satisfied, the search turns into greed for riches and will be embedded in a bourgeois type . . . Giovanni Verga, from the Introduction to The House by the Medlar Tree (I Malavoglia) Motivation In the past decade, many less developed countries have undertaken structural adjustment programs with the hope of breaking the vicious circle of the depression that enveloped them during the 1980s and of loosening the suffocating grip of the debt crisis. Nearly always, macroeconomic stabilization implies a reduction of public spending and, consequently, a reduction of subsidies on wage goods and food production. Other macro policies, such as tariff elimination and exchange rates alignment, alter relative prices and may have significant effects on the level and distribution of income. Today, poverty and inequality are perceived as economic threats as a result of globalization and unbalanced market expansion.Springer Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 408 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -Compilers and Operating Systems for Low Power focuses on both application-level compiler directed energy optimization and low-power operating systems. Chapters have been written exclusively for this volume by several of the leading researchers a…nd application developers active in the field. The first six chapters focus on low energy operating systems, or more in general, energy-aware middleware services. The next five chapters are centered on compilation and code optimization. Finally, the last chapter takes a more general viewpoint on mobile computing. The material demonstrates the state-of-the-art work and proves that to obtain the best energy/performance characteristics, compilers, system software, and architecture must work together. The relationship between energy-aware middleware and wireless microsensors, mobile computing and other wireless applications are covered.This work will be of interest to researchers in the areas of low-power computing, embedded systems, compiler optimizations, and operating systems.Springer Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 254 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -This book answers a question which came about while the author was work ing on his diploma thesis [1]: would it be better to ask for the available band width instead of probing the network (like TCP does) The diploma thesis was concerned with lo…ng-distance musical interaction ('NetMusic'). This is a very peculiar application: only a small amount of bandwidth may be necessary, but timely delivery and reduced loss are very important. Back then, these require ments led to a thorough investigation of existing telecommunication network mechanisms, but a satisfactory answer to the question could not be found. Simply put, the answer is 'yes' - this work describes a mechanism which indeed enables an application to 'ask for the available bandwidth'. This obvi ously does not only concern online musical collaboration any longer. Among others, the mechanism yields the following advantages over existing alterna tives: ¿ good throughput while maintaining close to zero loss and a small bottleneck queue length ¿ usefulness for streaming media applications due to a very smooth rate ¿ feasibility for satellite and wireless links ¿ high scalability Additionally, a reusable framework for future applications that need to 'ask the network' for certain performance data was developed.Springer Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 188 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -Proteases in Tissue Remodelling of Lung and Heart is unique for its comprehensive presentation of protease function in lung and heart under both physiological conditions and major diseases manifesting in these two organs. The individual chapters… have been written by leaders in the field who paid much attention to outline in great detail the role of proteases in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of disease. Available animal models (of disease, transgenic, or knock-out) are extensively referred to and experimental data obtained thereby are discussed in the context of patient-derived data.Proteases in Tissue Remodelling of Lung and Heart:\*is devoted to proteases in lung and heart specifically and extensively\*covers major diseases of the lung and heart\*extensively introduces individual proteases (or families thereof)\*presents up-to-date patient-derived and experimental data\*covers most aspects of protease function in disease.Springer Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 256 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -When analyzing systems with a large number of parameters, the dimen sion of the original system may present insurmountable difficulties for the analysis. It may then be convenient to reformulate the original system in terms of substantially fewe…r aggregated variables, or macrovariables. In other words, an original system with an n-dimensional vector of states is reformulated as a system with a vector of dimension much less than n. The aggregated variables are either readily defined and processed, or the aggregated system may be considered as an approximate model for the orig inal system. In the latter case, the operation of the original system can be exhaustively analyzed within the framework of the aggregated model, and one faces the problems of defining the rules for introducing macrovariables, specifying loss of information and accuracy, recovering original variables from aggregates, etc. We consider also in detail the so-called iterative aggregation approach. It constructs an iterative process, at every step of which a macroproblem is solved that is simpler than the original problem because of its lower dimension. Aggregation weights are then updated, and the procedure passes to the next step. Macrovariables are commonly used in coordinating problems of hierarchical optimization.Springer Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 304 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -PAS proteins control numerous physiological and developmental events, and span phylogeny from bacteria to man. Bacterial and plant PAS proteins act as sensors of environmental stimuli, including light, oxygen, and energy status.Not surprising, g…iven these roles, there is intense investigation of the roles of bHLH-PAS proteins in issues of human health including: (1) cancer induction, (2) cancer growth and vascularity, (3) birth defects, including Down syndrome, (4) appetite control and obesity, (5) sleep rhythm disorders, and (6) mental health disorders such as social interactions and learning.PAS proteins encompass many fields of biology, and scientists who work in these fields (circadian rhythms, oxygen regulation, toxin metabolism, bacterial sensors, and development) are an audience, particularly those who actively work on PAS proteins and researchers interested in transcriptional control, signal transduction, and evolution.Springer Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 288 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -Diffusion Barrier Stack - 5 nm -3 nm -2 nm . . . -. . . . : . . O. 21-lm Figure 2: Schematic representing a cross-sectional view of the topography that is encountered in the processing of integrated circuits. (Not to scale) these sub-micron size…d features is depicted in Fig. 2. The role of the diffusion barrier is to prevent the diffusion of metallic ions into the interlayer dielectric (lLD). Depending on the technology, in particular the choice of the ILD and the metal interconnect, the diffusion barrier may be Ti, Ta, TiN, TaN, or a multi-layered structure of these materials. The adhesion of the barrier to the dielectric, the conformality of the barrier to the feature, the physical structure of the film, and the chemical composition of the film are key issues that are determined in part by the nature of the deposition process. Likewise, after the growth of the barrier, a conducting layer (the seed layer) is needed for subsequent filling of the trench by electrochemical deposition. Again, the growth process must be able to deposit a film that is continuous along the topography of the sub-micron sized features. Other factors of concern are the purity and the texture of the seed layer, as both of these factors influence the final resistivity of the metallic interconnect. Sputter-deposited coatings are also commonly employed for their electro-optical properties. For example, an electrochromic glazing is used to control the flux of light that is transmitted through a glazed material.Springer-Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 180 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -I was highly flattered when I was asked by Mark Ladd and Rex Palmer if I would write the Foreword to this Fourth Edition of their book. 'Ladd & Palmer' is such a well-known and classic book on the subject of crystal structure determination, one…of the standards in the field: I did feel daunted by the prospect, and wondered if I could do justice to it. The determination of crystal structures by X-ray crystallography has come a long way since the 1912 discoveries of von Laue and the Braggs. In the intervening years great advances have been made, so that today it is almost taken for granted that crystal structures can be determined in which hundreds, if not thousands, of sepa rate atomic positions can be found with apparent ease. In the early years the struc tures of relatively simple materials, such as the alkali halides, were often argued over and even disputed, whereas today we routinely see published structures of most complex molecular crystals, including the structures of viruses and proteins.Libri GmbH, Europaallee 1, 36244 Bad Hersfeld 868 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -Exploration of Visual Data presents latest research efforts in the area of content-based exploration of image and video data. The main objective is to bridge the semantic gap between high-level concepts in the human mind and low-level features e…xtractable by the machines.The two key issues emphasized are 'content-awareness' and 'user-in-the-loop'. The authors provide a comprehensive review on algorithms for visual feature extraction based on color, texture, shape, and structure, and techniques for incorporating such information to aid browsing, exploration, search, and streaming of image and video data. They also discuss issues related to the mixed use of textual and low-level visual features to facilitate more effective access of multimedia data.Exploration of Visual Data provides state-of-the-art materials on the topics of content-based description of visual data, content-based low-bitrate video streaming, and latest asymmetric and nonlinear relevance feedback algorithms, which to date are unpublished.Springer Verlag GmbH, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg 212 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The motive force of human activity that propels the stream of progress is here caught at its source, in its most modest, material expressions. The mechanism of the passions acting as determinant in these low spheres is less complex and can t…herefore be observed with greater precision. All one need do is leave the picture its clear, calm colors and its simple design. Gradually, as that search for material well-being by which man is tormented grows and expand, it also tends to rise and pursue an ascendant course thorough the social classes. In 'I Malavoglia' it is still only the struggle for material needs. Once these needs are satisfied, the search turns into greed for riches and will be embedded in a bourgeois type . . . Giovanni Verga, from the Introduction to The House by the Medlar Tree (I Malavoglia) Motivation In the past decade, many less developed countries have undertaken structural adjustment programs with the hope of breaking the vicious circle of the depression that enveloped them during the 1980s and of loosening the suffocating grip of the debt crisis. Nearly always, macroeconomic stabilization implies a reduction of public spending and, consequently, a reduction of subsidies on wage goods and food production. Other macro policies, such as tariff elimination and exchange rates alignment, alter relative prices and may have significant effects on the level and distribution of income. Today, poverty and inequality are perceived as economic threats as a result of globalization and unbalanced market expansion. 408 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -When graduates leave college to enter the design office they will have at their disposal computer programs to suit particular projects. Nevertheless, they should have a basic understanding of how a structure should be loaded to achieve maxim…um design criteria otherwise their understanding and use of programs will be limited. Codes of practice classify loadings depending on the type and proposed use of a structure and offer guides as to how loads should be positioned. Influence line diagrams are, however, the best indicators for placing loads on a structure especially a continuous structure irrespective ofwhether the loads are moving, as in the case of bridges, or static. They also show clearly the effects of the self weight ofthe structure in the design process. It is important that the more general applications of influence line diagrams be recognised rather than restricting their use to moving loads only. They also define the parameters within which many codes have been drafted. 188 pp. Englisch.
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Buch. Zustand: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -When analyzing systems with a large number of parameters, the dimen sion of the original system may present insurmountable difficulties for the analysis. It may then be convenient to reformulate the original system in terms of substantially…fewer aggregated variables, or macrovariables. In other words, an original system with an n-dimensional vector of states is reformulated as a system with a vector of dimension much less than n. The aggregated variables are either readily defined and processed, or the aggregated system may be considered as an approximate model for the orig inal system. In the latter case, the operation of the original system can be exhaustively analyzed within the framework of the aggregated model, and one faces the problems of defining the rules for introducing macrovariables, specifying loss of information and accuracy, recovering original variables from aggregates, etc. We consider also in detail the so-called iterative aggregation approach. It constructs an iterative process, at every step of which a macroproblem is solved that is simpler than the original problem because of its lower dimension. Aggregation weights are then updated, and the procedure passes to the next step. Macrovariables are commonly used in coordinating problems of hierarchical optimization. 304 pp. Englisch.
